Intro to Microbioloy Flashcards

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1
Q

Zacharias Janssen

A

Created the first compound microscope (uses more than one lens for magnification) Magnification ranged 3x to 9x

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2
Q

Robert Hooke

A

Presented the first published depiction of a microorganism, the micro-fungus Mucor

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3
Q

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

A

First person to observe and describe protozoa, red blood cells, the sperm cells of animal and bacteria. He had no scientific training

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4
Q

Aristotle

A

Spontaneus Generation Theory

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5
Q

Abiogenesis

A

Theory that addreses the actual origins of life on Earth; Scientists speculate that life may have arisen as a result of random chemical processes happening to replicating molecules.

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6
Q

Francesco Redi

A

Disproved spontaneous generation for large organisms by showing that maggots arose from meat only when flies laid eggs in the meat

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7
Q

John Needham

A

Needham’s hypothesis was that of spontaneous generation in a broth.

He boiled broth in a flask and let them cool and then later bacteria appeared.

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8
Q

Lazzaro Spallanzani

A

He boiled broth in a sealed flask and let it cool but at the end, bacteria did NOT appear.

Spallanzani concluded Microbes come from the air, and boiling will kill them.

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9
Q

Louis Pasteur (Broth experiment)

A

Disproved the theory of spontaneous generation using swan-neck flasks

Concluded that living things only come from other living things by means of reproduction. Therefore, modern life does not arise from nonliving material.

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10
Q

Louis Pasteur

A

Father of Microbiology

Proposed the Germ theory of disease

Pasteurization

Anthrax Vaccine

Rabies vaccine (Pasteur treatment)

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11
Q

Germ Theory of disease

A

States that many diseases are caused by microorganisms.

These small organisms are too small to see without magnification and invade humans, animals, and other living hosts. Their growth and reproduction within their hosts can cause disease.

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12
Q

Louis Pasteur & Charles Chamberland

A

Experimented with Inoculation of an attenuated chicken cholera bacteria and discovered it does not cause disease, conceptual breakthrough for establishing protection against disease.

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13
Q

How did Chamberland accidentaly discover attenuated strains prevent diseases?

A

He left a culture growing over a short vacation ( he was supposed to inject the chickens before leaving, but he forgot)

When he returned, he injected the chickens anyway but they did get sick or die.

Admitting his mistake, Pasteur said to inject the chickens with a fresh culture and they still did not get sick.

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14
Q

Joseph Meister

A

First-person inoculated against rabies by Louis Pasteur. A 9-year-old who was badly bitten by a rabid dog.

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15
Q

Louis Pasteur (Rabies vaccine)

A

The vaccine consisted of a sample of the virus harvested from infected/rabid rabbits, which was weakened by allowing it to dry fro 5-10 days.

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16
Q

Robert Koch

A

Founder of modern microbiology

Groundbreaking research on tuberculosis

First, to link a specific microorganism (Anthrax) to a specific disease, rejecting spontaneous generation and supporting the germ theory of disease.

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17
Q

Koch’s First Postulate

A

The microorganism must be found in abundance in all organisms suffering from the disease but should not be found in healthy organisms.

He abandoned the first postulate when he discovered asymptomatic carriers of cholera and typhoid.

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18
Q

Koch’s Second Postulate

A

The microorganism must be isolated from a diseased orgaism and grown in pure culture.

Second postulate may also be suspended for certain microorganisms or entities that cannot be grown in pure cultures, such as prions.

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19
Q

Koch’s Third Postulate

A

The cultured microorganism should cause disease when introduced into a healthy organism.

Third specifies should and not must because as Koch himself proved in tuberculosis and cholera, not all organisms exposed to an infectious agent will acquire the infection.

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20
Q

Koch’s Fourth Postulate

A

The microorganism must be re-isolated from the inoculated, diseased experimental host and identified as being identical to the original specific causative agent.

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21
Q

Koch’s Postulates

Definition

A

Four criteria that were established to identify the causative agent of a particular disease.

22
Q

Why learning microbiology is essential in the veterinary curriculum?

A

Because you need to acquire knowledge about the infectious diseases of animals

Diagnose, treat, Prevent

23
Q

One Health

A

Interface between Humans, Animals and the Ecosystem.

The collaboratuve effort of multiple

24
Q

Global Health

A

Zoonotic Disease Control
Outbreak Preparedness
Address Antimicrobial Resitance
Food Safety and Security

25
Q

Beneficial microbes

A

Probiotics and fermentation (yogurt cheese, alcohol, wine, beer)

Antibiotics ( penicillin, streptomycin, chloramphenicol)

Vaccines, Vitamins, Enzymes

26
Q

Harmful microbes

A

Diseases
Food spoilage

27
Q

Essential Component of an Ecosystem

A

Cycling important nutrients (S,C,N)

Nitrogen Fixers

Methanogenic bacteria (Natural gas production)

Bioremediation ( Microbes restore stability to disturbed or polluted environments)

28
Q

Transmision Electron Microscope

A

Tomography

Transmits electrons through an ultrathin section to show internal ultrastructural features, such as a nucleus

29
Q

Microtome

A

Tool used for cutting ultra thin sections 80nm

30
Q

Scanning Electron Microscopy

A

Produces images of a sample by scanning it with a focused beam of electrons, to reveal information abput the samples’s surface topography.

Specimens are usually whole and not cut into section, sputter coated with an inert metal, such as gold before scanning can be done.

31
Q

Protocell

A

First cells on earth

self-organized, endogenously ordered, spherical collection of lipids/molecules proposed as stepping-stone to the origin of life.

Proto = the first

32
Q

Joseph Lister

A

Father of antiseptic surgey

Sterile surgery using Carbolic Acid (killed entozoans endoparasites)

Introduced clean gowns and insited on hand-washing

Developed method for isolating a pure culture of bacterium, named as Bacterium lactis (Lactococcus lactis)

33
Q

Edward Jenner

A

Used cowpox as a vaccine against smallpox

“less pathogenic agent could confer protection against a more pathogenic one”

34
Q

Lady Mary Wortley Montagu

A

‘Variolation’ used live smallpox virus in the liquid taken from a smallpox blister in a mild case of the disease.

35
Q

Variolation

A

Inoculation

method first used to immunize an individual against smallpox (Variola) with material taken from a patient or a recent variolated individual in the hope that a mild, but protective infection would result.

36
Q

Rudolf Virchow

A

The father of modern pathology
Coined the term zoonosis (link between human and animal diseases) Veterinary pathology.

37
Q

Alexander Fleming

A

Discovered that lysozyme could kill bacteria, the first body secretion shown to have chemotherapeutic properties

Discovered the first antibiotic Penicillin (Nobel prize)

38
Q

Ferdinand J. Cohn

A

Classified bacteria into 4 groups based on shape ( spherical, short rods, threads and spirals)

First to show that Bacillus can change from vegetative state to an endospore state when subjected to an environment deleterious to the vegetative state.

39
Q

Édouard Chatton

A

First characterized the distinction between the eukaryotic and prokaryotic systems of celullar organization based on presence or absence of nucleus

Prokaryotes - no true nucleus

Eukaryotes - Have a nucleus

40
Q

Elie Metchnikoff

A

Father of Natural immunity

Described Phagocytosis ( the eating of cells)

41
Q

Phagocytosis

A

A defensive rpocess in which the body’s white blood cells engulf and destroy microorganisms.

42
Q

Giovanni Battista Grassi

A

Known for his work on parasite life cycles

43
Q

David Bruce

A

Investigated ‘Malta fever’ (brucellosis) and trypanosome, identifying the cause of sleeping sickness. The kinetoplastid (Excavata) protist/protozoan we now call Trypanosoma brucei

Also described Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis) caused by Trypanosoma cruzi

44
Q

Dmitri Ivanowsky

A

Discovered viruses

Filterability of an infectious agent cause tobacco mosaic disease

Infectous agent smaller than bacterium

45
Q

All Biological Macromolecules are made of 6 major elements

A

Carbon -present in all
Hydrogen -present in all
Oxygen - present in all
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Sulphur

46
Q

What all living things have in common?

A

Have a plasma membrane

Use ATP fro energy

Genetic information in DNA

47
Q

Systems of clasification

A

Dynamic theories developed by us to express particular views about the history of organisms.

48
Q

Taxonomy

A

Science of clasification of living object

Taxo ( orderly arrangement)

Common reference source

Dynamic area of science ( DNA- Molecular Phylogenetics, now genomics etc)

49
Q

Systematits

A

Scientists who work on taxonomy

50
Q

Aristotle (Taxonomy)

A

Used Structural complexity
Behaviour
Degree of development at birth
500 organisms in 11 categories
Some of which are still maintained (vertebrates and invertebrated)

51
Q

Carl Linneaeus

A

Two kingdoms

Vegetablia
Animalia

Binomal nomenclature ( formal naming of a living organism)

52
Q

What is a species?

A

For sexually reproducing organisms, a species is a population that can breed and produce fertile offspring.

For asexually reproducing organisms like bacteria, the species distinction is trickier