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Micro > Intro To microbiology > Flashcards

Intro To microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

6 Major groups of microorganisms

A
  • algae
  • bacteria
  • viruses
  • fungi
  • Protozoa
  • helminths
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2
Q

Which microbes have a true nucleus?

A
  • Protists

- Yeast

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3
Q

Amino acids are

A
  • building blocks of proteins
  • exist in 20 naturally occurring forms
  • linked by peptide bonds
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4
Q

Enzymes are

A
  • catalysts for chemical reactions in the cell

- specifically comes from the unique patterns in enzyme binding sites

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5
Q

Denature

A

The disruption of the native state of a protein through heat, chemicals, acid or other means, making the protein non-functional

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6
Q

Nucleic acid structure

A
  • nitrogen base
  • pentode (5-carbon) sugar
  • phosphate
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7
Q

3 major types of RNA

A
  • mRNA
  • tRNA
  • rRNA
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8
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A
  • plants, animals, and fungi

- nucleus and organelles

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9
Q

Bacteria and archaea

A

No distinct nucleus or organelles

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10
Q

Prokaryotes/akaryotes

A

Lack a true nucleus

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11
Q

A ____ is the general term used to refer to any disease causing microorganism.

A

Pathogen

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12
Q

____ diseases are those that are newly identified and becoming more prominent.

A

Emerging

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13
Q

A ___ is a microscopic agent, which is not cellular and is composed of nucleic acids surrounded by a protein coat

A

Virus

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14
Q

A __ is a tentative explanation of an observation

A

Hypothesis

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15
Q

What are the earlier 5 kingdoms system of classification

A 
Plantae
Animilia 
Fungi
Monera 
Protista
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16
Q

In the earlier 5 Kingdoms system of Classification, bacteria and archaea were both contained in which kingdom?

A

Monera

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17
Q

The 3 domains of Woese-Fox system of classification

A

Eukarya
Bacteria
Archaea

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18
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Molecules such as salt or sugar that attract water to their surface
(Water loving)

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19
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Nonpolar molecules such as benzene that repel water.

Water hating

20
Q

Amphipathic

A

Molecules such as phospholipids that have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties.

21
Q

Acidic solution

A
  • component dissolved in water releases excess hydrogen ions

- pH below 7

22
Q

Basic solution

A
  • a component dissolved in water releases excess hydroxyl ions
  • alkaline
  • pH above 7
23
Q

Inorganic molecules

A

Molecules that lack the basic framework of the elements of Carbon and Hydrogen.

  • NaCl
  • CO2
24
Q

Organic chemicals

A

Molecules that contain the basic framework of the elements of carbon and hydrogen
-CH4

25
Q

Functional groups

A
  • molecular groups that bind to organic compounds
  • help define the class of certain groups of organic compounds
  • reactions of an organic compound can be predicted by knowing the functional group
26
Q

Biochemistry

A

Explores the compounds of life

27
Q

4 biochemicals/macromolecules

A
  • carbohydrates
  • lipids
  • proteins
  • nucleic acids
28
Q

Polar molecule

A

Results when a molecule is formed between two molecules that have different electronegativity, or ability to attract electrons

29
Q

Nonpolar molecule

A

Molecules formed when atoms have similar electronegativity

30
Q

Ionic bonds

A

Formed when electrons are transferred completely from one atom to another

31
Q

Ionization

A

The formation of charged particles when a molecule formed by ionic bonds dissolved in a solvent

  • cation:positively charged ions
  • anion:negatively charged ions
  • electrolytes:substances that release ions when dissolved in water
32
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

Formed due to attractive forces between nearby atoms or molecules.
This bond is temporary and easily disrupted

33
Q

Van der Waals forces

A

Weak attractions between molecules that show polarity

Neighboring groups with slight attractions will interact and remain associated

34
Q

Reactants

A

Molecules entering or starting a chemical reaction

35
Q

Products

A

Substances left by a chemical reaction

36
Q

Decomposition reaction

A

Bonds on a single reactant molecule are permanently broken to release two or more product molecules

37
Q

Exchange reactions

A

Reactants trade portions between Each other and release products that are a combination of the two

38
Q

Catalysts

A

Substances that increase the rate of reaction without being consumed in the process
-enzymes are catalysts in cells

39
Q

Equally distributed electrons form __ covalent bonds, whereas unequally distributed electrons form __ covalent bonds

A
  • nonpolar

- polar

40
Q

What did Pastuer do?

A
  • Came up with the word virus (means ‘poison’)

- made water filters, made smaller and smaller pores on the filters to prevent viruses from filtering through it.

41
Q

Viruses can infect:

A
  • humans
  • bacteria-> becomes bactiophage
  • fungi
  • plants-> viroid
  • Protozoa
  • non-human animals
  • other viruses
42
Q

Virus Identifiers

A
  1. Genetic material (can be dsDNA, ssDNA, dsRNA, or ssRNA)
  2. Shape of protein (animal viruses tend to be symmetrical)
  3. Host range (what they can infect)
  4. Type of enzymes (reverse transcriptase )
43
Q

Viral infection steps

A

APUSAR

  1. Must be exposed to the virus
  2. adsorption-attaches self to host cell
  3. Penetration
  4. Uncoating-injects genetic material into host cell
  5. Synthesis- synthesize viral proteins
  6. Assembly- put the virus proteins together
  7. Release- leave host cell to infect other cells through the same process
44
Q

Prion

A

Pathogenic protein
Currently all prion pathogenic diseases known are fetal and affect the brain
Contagious- have to eat brain or come in contact with brain tissue

45
Q

Koch’s Postulates

A
  1. Isolate the “agent” from the infected origin
  2. Grow “agent” in pure culture
  3. Inject pure agent into healthy origin and get the same disease
  4. Reisolate same agent from new origin

Micro (2 decks)

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