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Bioch 200 > Intro to Metabolism > Flashcards

Intro to Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

What are metabolic pathways

A

series of enzyme catalyzed reactions

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2
Q

What are the intermediates of metabolic pathways

A

Metabolites or metabolic intermediates (substrates, pathway intermediates, products)

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3
Q

Where do pathways differ

A

Different organisms or tissues

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4
Q

What are the two main purposes of metabolism

A

make specific molecules to live and grow, obtain usable chemical energy from the environment

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5
Q

Slides

A

6, 14, 15, 19, 34, 42

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6
Q

What are nucleotides role in metabolism

A

Electron carriers

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7
Q

What are NAD and FAD

A

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide = co-substrate
Flavin adenine dinucleotide = prosthetic group
Both cofactors

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8
Q

Are NAD and NADP high energy?

A

No, NADH and NADPH are

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9
Q

What are phosphodiester bonds

A

C-O-P-O-C

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10
Q

What are phosphoanhydride bonds

A

C-O-P-O-P-O-C

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11
Q

What are NAD and NADP

A

Cosubstrates; loosely associated with enzyme

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12
Q

What are the dietary macromolecules that are the most significant fuel sources

A

Polysaccharides, triacylglycerols (fats)

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13
Q

How are excess fuels stored

A

Fatty acids as fat, CHO as glycogen in the liver and skeletal muscles

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14
Q

pH, [H2O], temp at biochemical standard state

A

7, 55M, 25 degrees

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15
Q

When will a reaction proceed in the forward direction

A

Delta G negative

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16
Q

What does delta G tell us

A

Whether the reaction proceeds, no information regarding rate of reaction. information regarding driving force to reach equilibrium (sense of direction and magnitude)

17
Q

What happens if the delta G is - vs +

A 
Negative = reaction proceeds spontaneously in the forward direction
Positive = reaction will not proceed spontaneously in the forward direction
18
Q

What is the difference between a reaction with a delta G around zero versus a very negative delta G

A

~ 0 = reversible

|&raquo_space;>0 = irreversible (under cell conditions)

19
Q

Characteristics of a reversible reaction

A

Delta G near zero, close to eq. Changes in concentration of AB may change direction

20
Q

What is a high energy intermediate, what are the three types

A

Compounds containing “usable” chemical energy

  1. Electron carriers (NADH, NADPH, FADH2, FMNH2)
  2. Nucleoside triphosphate (NTPs: ATP, UTP, GTP)
  3. Thioesters
21
Q

Is catabolism oxidative or reductive?

A

Oxidative; metabolites lose electrons, “oxidizing agents” (reduce cofactors), NAD, FAD, NADP

22
Q

Is anabolism oxidative or reductive?

A

Reductive; metabolites gain electrons, “reducing agents,” NADH, FADH, NADPH

23
Q

How much delta G from the hydrolysis and formation of phosphoanhydride bonds

A 
Hydrolysis = -30 kJ/mol
Formation = +30 kJ/mol
24
Q

What is ATP, why is it high-energy, how is it formed

A

“energy currency”, high energy bc phosphoanhydride bond, generated by catabolism

25
Q

What is ATP used in

A

movement, driving unfavourable reactions, primary active transport (ion pump)

26
Q

What are thioesters

A

High E compounds, similar to esters but without electron delocalization

27
Q

What is a coupled reaction

A

Energy released by an exergonic process can drive endergonic process. Only if linked by common intermediate

28
Q

How can coupled reactions push and pull?

A

If one delta G is negative enough, it can compensate for a positive delta G

29
Q

Are reversible steps regulated?

A

NO

30
Q

What are “rate-limiting” steps

A

irreversible, regulated reactions

31
Q

What are the two forms of inhibition/describe them

A

Product inhibition: enzyme inhibited by the product of its reaction
Feedback inhibition: enzyme inhibited by a metabolite further down the pathway

32
Q

What is activation of an enzyme

A

“Feed-forward activation” ; enzyme may be activated by metabolite upstream

33
Q

What is reciprocal regulation

A

Opposing pathways catalyze the “reverse reaction” of another pathway; regulated so both do not operate at the same rate

Bioch 200 (8 decks)

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