Intro to Macromolecules, Carbs, Lipids Flashcards
Organic compounds contain…
carbon
Macromolecules
large organic molecules
Carbon can form up to ___ covalent bonds with other elements
4
Carbon usually bonds with…
C, H, O, or N
Macromolecules are also known as…
polymers
Polymers are made up of smaller building blocks called…
monomers
Types of macromolecules
Carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
Polymers are formed through…
dehydration synthesis/condensation reaction
Dehydration synthesis
The removal of “water” (2 H atoms and one O atom) to allow monomers to bond together
Functional group
cluster of atoms that influence properties of molecules they compose
Hydrolysis
separation of monomers by “adding water” -> replacing a bond with 2 H atoms and one O atom
Carbohydrates
small to large sugar molecules
Types of carbohydrates
monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
Monomer for carbs
monosaccharide
3 main monosaccharides
glucose, fructose, galactose
Polymer for carbs
polysaccharide
Examples of polysaccharides
cellulose, starch, glycogen, chitin
Carbs provide __ calories/gram
4
Main functions of carbs
-Provide short-term energy
-Structure and support
Ratio of C,H, and O in monosaccharides
1:2:1
Carbs are made of…
6 carbon sugars
Glucose, galactose, and fructose are…
isomers
Isomers
2 or more different compounds with the same formula but different arrangement of atoms in the molecule, therefore different properties
Main disaccharides
sucrose, lactose, maltose
Sucrose
glucose + fructose
Lactose
glucose + galactose
maltose
glucose + glucose
Main function of monosaccharides
energy source
Main function of disaccharides
transport
Main function of polysaccharides
storage and structural support
T/F: starch and glycogen can be digested by animals
true
Starch is…
the plant energy storage molecule
Glycogen is…
the animal energy storage molecule
Glycogen is stored in…
the liver and animal muscle
Glucose is stored in cells as…
glycogen
Cellulose provides…
support and protection
Cellulose is a major component in…
the plant cell wall
Chitin makes up…
exoskeletons of crustaceans and insects
Chitin composes ______ cell walls
fungal
Function of chitin:
support and protection
Lipids
compounds that aren’t soluble in water
Lipids store…
the most energy
Lipids consist mainly of…
C,H,O
Lipids are ________ and __________
nonpolar and hydrophobic
Functions of lipids:
-Long term energy storage
-Make up phospholipid bilayer
-Protection and cushioning for organs
-Insulation
-Hormones and cell signals
Monomer for lipids
fatty acids
Polymers for lipids
phospholipids, steroids (hormones), fats (triglycerides), waxes
Are fatty acids true macromolecules?
no
Saturated fatty acids _____ have double bonds between carbons
don’t
Unsaturated fatty acids ___ have double bonds between carbons
do
Saturated fats are ______ at room temperature
solid
Unsaturated fats are ______ at room temperature
liquid
Saturated fats are found mostly in…
animal sources
Unsaturated fats are found mostly in…
plant sources
Phospholipids are composed of…
a polar phosphate head and 2 nonpolar fatty acid tails
Triglycerides are composed of…
1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids
Main functions of triglycerides
energy storage in animals
T/F: triglycerides can be saturated or unsaturated
true
Steroids don’t really resemble lipids, but are grouped with them because they are…
hydrophobic
Steroid skeleton
4 fused carbon rings
Hormones
chemical messengers in the body
Many steroids are…
hormones
Cholesterol
steroid found in animal tissue but not plant
Cholesterol is synthesized in the…
liver
Functions of cholesterol
-Hormone production
-Vitamin D production
-Bile production
-Cell membrane support
Cholesterol is packaged with proteins for…
transport
LDL
Bad cholesterol; carries dietary fats into cells
HDL
Good cholesterol; carries impurities out of cells
Function of wax and oil lipids
provide a protective, waterproof coating
