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Nursing science 1 > intro to lymphatic system > Flashcards

intro to lymphatic system Flashcards

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1
Q

Name the 2 primary functions of the lymphatic system

A
  1. Maintaining fluid balance in the internal environment, by filtering and returning interstitial fluid to the venous circulation.
  2. Houses and supports the immune system and its cells in the lymph nodes and tissue.
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2
Q

What are the organs of the lymphatic system?

A

The thymus, spleen, tonsils and lymph nodes.

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3
Q

Do lymphatic vessles form a closed circuit?

A

No. The circuit is open and begins in the intercellular spaces of soft tissue.

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4
Q

How is lymph moved through the lymphatic vessels?

A

The pressure of body movement, so through the skeletal muscle and respiratory pumps.

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5
Q

What key protein is found in lymph?

A

Albumin

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6
Q

Why is there higher protein levels in the lymph fluid in the thoracic duct?

A

The thoracic duct drains lymph from the liver and small intestine.

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7
Q

What are the 2 functions of the lymph nodes?

A
  1. Defense; via mechanical and biological filtration of cells and microoganisms.
  2. Haematopoeisis; training of t-lymphocytes for self tolerance (thymus).
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8
Q

What and where is the thymus gland?

A

The thymus gland is a lymph node in the mediastinum.

Immature t-lymphocytes develop into mature ones here, before migrating to peripheral nodes.

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9
Q

Innate immunity has multiple defensive mechanisms. What are the 4 main ones?

A
  1. Epithelial barriers
  2. Innate immune cells (neutrophils, macrophages, NK cells).
  3. Granulocytes, and the cytokines they release (prostaglandins, interferons, interleukins, histamine, leukotrienes)
  4. Complement system-humoral (protein based).
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10
Q

Compare innate immunity to adaptive using the following words: specificity, natural, acquired, fast and slow.

A

Adaptive immunity: acquired, specific, slow

Innate immunity: innate, non-specific, fast

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11
Q

What are mechanical barriers with respect to the innate immune system?

A

Barriers made up of skin layers and mucous membranes.

They seperate the inside of our bodies from he external environment.

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12
Q

What are chemical barriers with respect to the innate immune system?

A

Sebum (oil), mucous, lysozymes in tears and saliva, stomach acid (HCL), urine.

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13
Q

What is the aim of the innate immune system’s 1st line of defense (mechanical and chemical barriers)?

A

The aim is to prevent unwanted microorganisms from entering and infecting the body.

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14
Q

What is the aim of the innate immune system’s 2nd like of defense, the infalmmatory response?

A

The aim is to minimise the damage to the body tissue and to eliminate the pathogen from the body.

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15
Q

What are the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation?

A

Redness, heat, oedema, pain and loss of function.

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16
Q

When is the innate inflammatory response triggered?

A

Whenever body tissue is damaged, by either chemical or physical agents.

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17
Q

What are the vascular effects of innate inflammation?

A
  1. Initial vasoconstriction (minimise blood loss)
  2. Vasodilation- (increase vascular permeability, increase blood flow).
  3. Oedema-( increased hydrostatic pressure causes exudate build-up in the interstitium).
  4. Inflammatory mediators-( cause shrinkage of endothelial cells, neutrophil recruitment).
18
Q

What are the 3 steps of neutrophil migration to the site of injury in inflammation?

A
  1. Margination- leukocytes pulled out of bloodstream, start rolling and adhesion to vessel.
  2. Diapedesis- leukocytes leave vessel and enter interstitium via the gap in endothelial vessels.
  3. Chemotaxis-travelling throguh interstitium along chemical gradient to site of injury.
19
Q

What are the cells involved in innate inflammation and tissue injury?

A
  1. Granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils)
  2. NK cells
  3. Macrophages (start as monocytes)
  4. Platelets (blood clotting)
20
Q

What are the proteins involved in tissue inflammation/injury?

A
  1. Bradykinin, histamine, prostaglandins (activate nociceptors for pain, smooth muscle contraction)
  2. Interferons
  3. C-reactive protein (CRP): produced by the liver under instruction from macrophages. CRP used to mark foreign antigens for destruction and also activates the complement system.
21
Q

What is the aim of the 3rd line of response, addaptive immunity?

A

The aim is to induce a targeted, specific immune response towards the invading organism.

22
Q

What are the 2 components of the adaptive immune sytem?

A

Antibody-mediated immunity and cell-mediated immunity.

23
Q

Which lymphocyte type facilitates the cell-mediated immune response?

A

T-lymphocytes, via the T-helper cells.

24
Q

Which 2 activating signals are required for the lymphocytes to start their immune response?

A
  1. The foreign antigen

2. The chemical signal from the T-helper cell

25
Q

What is the cell-mediated adaptive pathway involving cytotoxic T-cells?

A

Cytotoxic t-cells can detect infected cells. They bind to these infected cells and induce apoptotic cell death.

26
Q

What is the cell-mediated pathway involving t-helper cells?

A

T-helper cells facilitate and coordinate the T-lymphocyte response to the pathogen. They also regulate the B-lymphocyte response to the pathogen. T-helper cells recruit both B & T cells, phagocytes and leukocytes through secretion of cytokines.

27
Q

How are B-cells prepared for an antibody mediated immune response?

A
  1. Naive B-cells released into blood from bone marrow and lymph nodes.
  2. Naive B-cells bind to antigen and become activated.
  3. The Ag-Ab binding triggers rapid division and replication of the B-cell.
  4. Activated B-cells destined to become either memeory b-cells or effector B-cells (plasma cells) producing antibodies.
28
Q

Name the 5 classes of Immunoglobulins.

A

M,G,A,D&E

29
Q

Describe the function of the IgG antibody.

A

IgG antibody is found in the blood in the largest amounts of all antibodies.
IgG is the main antibody released during primary, but especially secondary exposure to an antigen.
It can cross the placenta to boost fetal immunity and protect babies during pregnancy.

30
Q

Describe the function of the IgA antibody

A

IgA is found in the body fluids (tears, saliva and GI secretions) aswell as blood.
IgA protects GI and respiratory tracts by preventing pathogenic attachment to epithelial surfaces.

31
Q

Describe the function of the IgD antibody

A

Secreted in small amounts.
Usually found as a cell surface receptor on B-cells.
It is associated with B-cell activation.

32
Q

Describe the function of IgE antibody

A

IgE is also secreted in low amounts.

Mediates allergic reactions by triggering mast cell degranulation and histamine release.

33
Q

What is active humoral immunity with regard to B-lymphocytes?

A

Active immunity refers to the B-cells encountering the antigen directly and producing antibodies for it.
It can occur either naturally, via pathogenic infection or artificially via vaccination.

34
Q

What is passive humoral immunity with regard to B-lymphocytes?

A

This occurs when the antibodies for a paticular antigen are either not produced, or obtained artificially. They could come from the placenta or via an antibody infusion.

35
Q

What interaction is required to activate a t-cell?

A

The lymphocyte must either bind directly to the antigen, or have the antigen presented to itself on an APC.

36
Q

What is the role of cytotoxic CD8+ t-cells?

A

They target and kill infected host cells/viral infections via apoptosis.

37
Q

What is the role of the T-helper cells?

A

T-helper cells facilitate and coordinate other immune activities by regulating b-cells and other t-cells. They also promote b-cell recruitment via cytokine release.

38
Q

What is the role of the memory t-cell?

A

they enable a more rapid response the next time the same antigen is encountered.

39
Q

What is the role of the t-regulatory/t-suppressor cells?

A

These cells both downregulate or shut off the t-cell immune response, once the antigen has been successfully cleared.

40
Q

What is the relationship between immune function and old age/youth?

A

Newborn babies have a weaker immune system because of low exposure to the environment.
Older people have a weaker immune system because of decreased immune functioning with age.

Nursing science 1 (12 decks)

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