Intro to logic facillies Flashcards
Argument
a group of propositions one of which is a conclusion that is supported by one or more premise (only one conclusion in an argument )
Proposition
a statement that can be confirmed or denied (true or false)
Inference
the property by which premises lend support to conclusions (entailment)
premise
the property in which the premises support the conclusion.
conclusion
supports the premises
Induction
conclusion amplifies the premises.
Deduction argument
defined as “an argument that attempts to show that its
the conclusion follows necessarily from the
premises
Validity
a property of a deductive argument that says if the premise is true then the conclusion must be true. Cannot be false.
soundness
is the property of a valid deductive argument were the
premises are actually true.
Fallacy
A bad argument that tends to persuade
Attacking the person
happens when attacking the person making the argument. Rather the argument itself
Inappropriate authority
someone who gives false information on something.
appeal to the people.
you should believe something that others believe.
strawman
destart an opponent’s argument to make it look bad so it can be easier to attack..
appeal to pity
persuading out of emotion
slippery slope
chain of events happens but with little evidence and unrelated information.
False cause
you are intruding to be the cause when it is not the cause
Modus Pones
study on paper
Modus tolens
study on paper
Hypothethical syllogism
on paper
Disjunctive syllogism
on paper
Method of argument
you find that one factor that is common to all the incidents of all the effects.
Ex:picinic cookout of these 10 people they all had variety of things common all 10 people shrimp cause of the illness is shrimp
method of difference.
All of the people who didn’t get sick didn’t eat the shrimp.
method of agreement and difference
put these 2 together
method of residues
A known effect to suspected cause that can later be confirmed
Ex: loaded vs empty truck
Method of concomitant variant
as entitles of the courses go up so do the entitles of the effect.
Coincidental correlation
some unexpected factor is shown to be genuine causes and the corrections is thereby shown to be purely accidental.
Ex: false cause factor
False cause deficient goes up at the same time
An increase in STDS is related to an increase in population. and not more sexual activity same percentage of people are emerging in sex its more of them
Joint effect of an underlying cause
Some underlying factor is shown to be directly or indirectly responsible for the items correlated. That is the apparent relation of its spurious
Ex: Both effects for changing attitude on sex
Genuine but insignificant cause
Other factors are shown to be of greater importance in producing the effect in question.
Ex: some people may have sex ed but its insignificant
Wrong direction
The correlation is shown to support a causal inference in which cause and effect are the opposite of what has been claimed.
Ex: sex education didn’t spike stds the stds spiked the sex education
Casual complexity
not just the cause there is a collection of causes that produce the effects.
Ex: List of sexual things are the cause
Ex: Drop in the violent crime rate beginning in the late 1990s
Factors - both truths and sentencing laws. Locked up criminals so therefore no criminals
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Convergent argument
Multiple factors four and against a position that have to be weight collecting against each other. Some factors may be small but they have to be taken collectively.
Ex: Gambling in Mississippi and whether or not it is good for Mississippi
