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Logic > Intro to Logic > Flashcards

Intro to Logic Flashcards

1
Q

What is Logic?

A

The analysis and appraisal of arguments

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2
Q

What is Philosophy?

A

Reasoning about the ultimate questions of life

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3
Q

What is an Argument?

A

a set of statements consisting of premises and a conclusion

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4
Q

What is a Premise?

A

supporting evidence

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5
Q

What is a Conclusion?

A

a statement made based on supporting evidence

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6
Q

What is true/false?

A

statements can either be true, correct, or false, incorrect

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7
Q

What is the Law of Non-Contradiction?

A

contradictory propositions cannot both be true in the same sense at the same time, e. g. the two propositions “A is B” and “A is not B”

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8
Q

What is the Law of Excluded Middle?

A

the law of excluded middle states that for any proposition, either that proposition is true or its negation is true

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9
Q

What is valid/invalid?

A

Valid is if the premises support the conclusion, invalid if the premises do not

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10
Q

What is the difference between true and valid?

A

true is connected to statements, valid is connected to agruments

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11
Q

What is “sound”?

A

A “sound” argument is both valid (conclusion follows the premises) and all the premises are true

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12
Q

What is “.˙.”?

A

Therefore

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13
Q

What is “wff”?

A

A well formed formula is a finite sequence of symbols from a given alphabet that is part of a formal language

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14
Q

What is a deductive argument?

A

A deductive argument has a tight connection between premises and conclusion, it would be impossible for the premises to all be true but have a false conclusion

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15
Q

What is an inductive argument?

A

An inductive argument has a loose connection between premises and conclusion, the conclusion relative to the premises is only a good guess (could be true or false)

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16
Q

What is a definition?

A

a rule of paraphrase intended to explain the meaning of a word or phrase

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17
Q

What is an interchange test?

A

A definition test where if A=B is true, then B=A must be true

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18
Q

What is a lexical definition?

A

a definition explaining current usage of a word or phrase

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19
Q

What is a stipulative definition?

A

a definition specifying your own usage of a word or phrase

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20
Q

What is a clarifying definition?

A

a definition that stipulates a clearer meaning for a vague term

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21
Q

What is a recursive definition?

A

a definition that first specifies some things that the term applies to and then specifies if the term applies to certain things

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22
Q

What is a logical positivism?

A

using the verifiability criterion of meaning

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23
Q

Who is A.J. Ayer?

A

a logical positivist who appealed to the verifiability criterion of meaning

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24
Q

What is an analytic sentence?

A

a statement that is self-contradictory to deny

25
Q

What is a synthetic sentence?

A

any statement which cannot be determined true or false by linguistic meaning alone

26
Q

What is verifiability criterion of meaning?

A

(LP) If there is no way to test a statement, then it has no meaning– nothing in it could be true or false

27
Q

Who is William James?

A

Logistician who suggests to determine the “cash-value” of a statement

28
Q

What is pragmatism?

A

if the truth of a statement has no practical meaning to anyone, then it has no meaning at all

29
Q

What is a logically necessary truth?

A

the same idea as analytic statements, a truth that is self-contradictory to deny

30
Q

What is “a priori” knowledge?

A

rational knowledge based on reason

31
Q

What is “a posteriori” knowledge?

A

empirical knowledge based on experience

32
Q

What is synthetic?

A

not self-contradictory to either affirm or deny

33
Q

What is traditional logic?

A

A combination of Aristotle’s logic and the Stoic’s additions

34
Q

What is Buddhist logic?

A

deductively valid, yet tend to lean towards pursuing mystical thinking

35
Q

Who is Artistotle?

A

Greek who studied Logic, formulated a correct principle of inference, to use letters for terms, and to construct a axiomatic system

36
Q

Who were the Stoics?

A

Studied modial logic, used numbers, divided logic into philosophy

37
Q

Who is Boethius?

A

Christian thinker, explained modal box-inside/outside ambiguity while defending divine foreknowledge and human freedom.

38
Q

Who is Anselm and Peter Abelard?

A

Latin translators of Aristotle’s works

39
Q

Who is Thomas Aquinas?

A

influential medieval philosopher, little impact on logic but used it a lot. Likely produced more philosophical arguments than anyone who has ever lived.

40
Q

Who is William of Ockham?

A

developed modial logic and avoided metaphysics

41
Q

What is Ockham’s razor?

A

“Accept the simplest theory that adequately explains the data”

42
Q

Who is Jean Buridan?

A

formulated standard rules for valid syllogisms

43
Q

Who is Immanuel Kant?

A

said Aristotle invented and perfected logic, nothing else more could be added

44
Q

Who is Gottfried Leibniz?

A

co-inventor of calculus, proposed idea of symbolic language

45
Q

Who is George Boole?

A

Boolean algebra, father of mathematical logic

46
Q

Who is Gottlob Frege?

A

created modern, showed how to analyze arguments with relations and used a formal system

47
Q

Who is Bertrand Russel?

A

praised Frege’s work, fixed it after showing its flaws with the Russel Paradox

48
Q

Who is Alfred North Whitehead?

A

Russels teacher, worked with him to avoid the Russel Paradox, developed a more intuitive symbolic system with Russel

49
Q

What are three reasons to study logic?

A
  • Logic builds our minds
  • Logic increases our understanding of philosophy
  • Logic is fun
50
Q

What are the five major areas of philosophy?

A
  • Logic
  • Metaphysics
  • Aesthetics
  • Epistemology
  • Ethics
51
Q

What are the four types of sentences?

A

Declarative, Interrogative, Imperative, Exclamatory

52
Q

What are the five rules for good lexical definitions?

A
  • neither too broad nor too narrow
  • avoids circularity and poorly understood terms
  • matches the vagueness of the term defined
  • matches the emotional tone of the term defined
  • includes properties only essential to the term
53
Q

What are the five qualities of a stipulative definition?

A
  • use clear terms that will be understood
  • avoid circularity
  • let us paraphrase out the defined term
  • accord with how the term is used
  • aid understanding and discussion of subject matter
54
Q

What is the difference between an analytic and synthetic sentence?

A

analytic sentences use “a priori”, while synthetic sentences use “a posteri”

55
Q

What sentence is this?

“Michigan beat Ohio State.”

A

Declarative

56
Q

What sentence is this?

“Did Michigan win?”

A

Interrogative

57
Q

What sentence is this?

“Beat Ohio State.”

A

Imperative

58
Q

What sentence is this?

“LETS GO MICHIGAN.”

A

Exclamatory

Logic (3 decks)

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