Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Logic > Intro to Logic > Flashcards

Intro to Logic Flashcards

1
Q

What is Logic?

A

The analysis and appraisal of arguments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is Philosophy?

A

Reasoning about the ultimate questions of life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is an Argument?

A

a set of statements consisting of premises and a conclusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is a Premise?

A

supporting evidence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is a Conclusion?

A

a statement made based on supporting evidence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is true/false?

A

statements can either be true, correct, or false, incorrect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the Law of Non-Contradiction?

A

contradictory propositions cannot both be true in the same sense at the same time, e. g. the two propositions “A is B” and “A is not B”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the Law of Excluded Middle?

A

the law of excluded middle states that for any proposition, either that proposition is true or its negation is true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is valid/invalid?

A

Valid is if the premises support the conclusion, invalid if the premises do not

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the difference between true and valid?

A

true is connected to statements, valid is connected to agruments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is “sound”?

A

A “sound” argument is both valid (conclusion follows the premises) and all the premises are true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is “.˙.”?

A

Therefore

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is “wff”?

A

A well formed formula is a finite sequence of symbols from a given alphabet that is part of a formal language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is a deductive argument?

A

A deductive argument has a tight connection between premises and conclusion, it would be impossible for the premises to all be true but have a false conclusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is an inductive argument?

A

An inductive argument has a loose connection between premises and conclusion, the conclusion relative to the premises is only a good guess (could be true or false)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is a definition?

A

a rule of paraphrase intended to explain the meaning of a word or phrase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is an interchange test?

A

A definition test where if A=B is true, then B=A must be true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is a lexical definition?

A

a definition explaining current usage of a word or phrase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is a stipulative definition?

A

a definition specifying your own usage of a word or phrase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is a clarifying definition?

A

a definition that stipulates a clearer meaning for a vague term

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is a recursive definition?

A

a definition that first specifies some things that the term applies to and then specifies if the term applies to certain things

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is a logical positivism?

A

using the verifiability criterion of meaning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Who is A.J. Ayer?

A

a logical positivist who appealed to the verifiability criterion of meaning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is an analytic sentence?

A

a statement that is self-contradictory to deny

25
What is a synthetic sentence?
any statement which cannot be determined true or false by linguistic meaning alone
26
What is verifiability criterion of meaning?
(LP) If there is no way to test a statement, then it has no meaning– nothing in it could be true or false
27
Who is William James?
Logistician who suggests to determine the "cash-value" of a statement
28
What is pragmatism?
if the truth of a statement has no practical meaning to anyone, then it has no meaning at all
29
What is a logically necessary truth?
the same idea as analytic statements, a truth that is self-contradictory to deny
30
What is "a priori" knowledge?
rational knowledge based on reason
31
What is "a posteriori" knowledge?
empirical knowledge based on experience
32
What is synthetic?
not self-contradictory to either affirm or deny
33
What is traditional logic?
A combination of Aristotle's logic and the Stoic's additions
34
What is Buddhist logic?
deductively valid, yet tend to lean towards pursuing mystical thinking
35
Who is Artistotle?
Greek who studied Logic, formulated a correct principle of inference, to use letters for terms, and to construct a axiomatic system
36
Who were the Stoics?
Studied modial logic, used numbers, divided logic into philosophy
37
Who is Boethius?
Christian thinker, explained modal box-inside/outside ambiguity while defending divine foreknowledge and human freedom.
38
Who is Anselm and Peter Abelard?
Latin translators of Aristotle's works
39
Who is Thomas Aquinas?
influential medieval philosopher, little impact on logic but used it a lot. Likely produced more philosophical arguments than anyone who has ever lived.
40
Who is William of Ockham?
developed modial logic and avoided metaphysics
41
What is Ockham's razor?
"Accept the simplest theory that adequately explains the data"
42
Who is Jean Buridan?
formulated standard rules for valid syllogisms
43
Who is Immanuel Kant?
said Aristotle invented and perfected logic, nothing else more could be added
44
Who is Gottfried Leibniz?
co-inventor of calculus, proposed idea of symbolic language
45
Who is George Boole?
Boolean algebra, father of mathematical logic
46
Who is Gottlob Frege?
created modern, showed how to analyze arguments with relations and used a formal system
47
Who is Bertrand Russel?
praised Frege's work, fixed it after showing its flaws with the Russel Paradox
48
Who is Alfred North Whitehead?
Russels teacher, worked with him to avoid the Russel Paradox, developed a more intuitive symbolic system with Russel
49
What are three reasons to study logic?
- Logic builds our minds - Logic increases our understanding of philosophy - Logic is fun
50
What are the five major areas of philosophy?
- Logic - Metaphysics - Aesthetics - Epistemology - Ethics
51
What are the four types of sentences?
Declarative, Interrogative, Imperative, Exclamatory
52
What are the five rules for good lexical definitions?
- neither too broad nor too narrow - avoids circularity and poorly understood terms - matches the vagueness of the term defined - matches the emotional tone of the term defined - includes properties only essential to the term
53
What are the five qualities of a stipulative definition?
- use clear terms that will be understood - avoid circularity - let us paraphrase out the defined term - accord with how the term is used - aid understanding and discussion of subject matter
54
What is the difference between an analytic and synthetic sentence?
analytic sentences use "a priori", while synthetic sentences use "a posteri"
55
What sentence is this? | "Michigan beat Ohio State."
Declarative
56
What sentence is this? | "Did Michigan win?"
Interrogative
57
What sentence is this? | "Beat Ohio State."
Imperative
58
What sentence is this? | "LETS GO MICHIGAN."
Exclamatory

Logic (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions