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HDM > Intro to Innate Immunity > Flashcards

Intro to Innate Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Characteristics of inflammation

A

Calor, rubor, tumor, dolor, functio laesa

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2
Q

Innate immunity (general)

A
  • natural responses
  • occur to same extent every time pathogen is encountered
  • first line of defense
  • works rapidly
  • acute inflammation
  • no memory
  • some specificity for Ag
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3
Q

Adaptive immunity (general)

A
  • adaptive responses
  • improve on repeated exposure to given antigen
  • takes longer to develop
  • highly specific
  • shows memory
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4
Q

Infection

A
  • invasion of host tissues/cells by pathogens
  • causes activation of host defense mechanisms (inflammation and immune reaction)
  • results: pathogenesis of disease
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5
Q

Innate anatomic and physical barriers

A
  • skin and mucous membranes
  • temperature
  • acidic pH
  • lactic acid
  • chemical mediators

Function: limit entry, spread, and replication of pathogens

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6
Q

Innate immune cells

A

Granulocytes: phagocytosis and release of mediators

Macrophages (mononuclear) : phagocytosis, release of mediators, and Ag presentation

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7
Q

Innate inflammatory mediators

A
  • complement: lysis of pathogens
  • cytokines: activation of immune cells
  • lysozyme: bacterial wall destruction
  • acute-phase proteins: mediation of response (fever!)
  • leukotrienes/prostaglandins: vasodilation and vascular permeability
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8
Q

PAMP: Mannose

A

PRR: Mannose receptor (MBL)

cell surface

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9
Q

PAMP: Gram + bacteria (LTA)

A

PRR: TLR 1,2,6

cell surface

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10
Q

PAMP: Gram - bacteria (LPS)

A

PRR: TLR 4

cell surface

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11
Q

PAMP: Flagellin

A

PRR: TLR 5

cell surface

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12
Q

PAMP: CpG DNA

A

PRR: TLR 9

endosome

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13
Q

PAMP: RNA

A

PRR: TLR 3, 7, 8

endosome

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14
Q

Cytokine: Tumor-necrosis factor (TNF)

A

Source: macrophages, T cells

Targets:

  • Endothelial cells: activation (inflammation, coagulation)
  • Neutrophils: activation
  • Hypothalamus: fever
  • Liver: synthesis of acute phase proteins
  • Muscle, fat: catabolism
  • Many cell types: apoptosis
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15
Q

Cytokine: IL-1

A

Source: macrophages, endothelial cells, some epithelial cells

Targets:

  • Endothelial cells: activation (inflammation, coagulation)
  • Hypothalamus: fever
  • Liver: synthesis of acute phase proteins
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16
Q

Cytokine: Chemokines

A

Source: macrophages, endothelial cells, T lymphocytes, fibroblasts, platelets

Target: leukocytes (chemotaxis and activation)

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17
Q

Cytokine: IL-12

A

Source: macrophages, dendritic cells

Targets:

  • NK cells and T cells: IFN-gamma synthesis, increased cytolytic activity
  • T cells: TH1 differentiation
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18
Q

Cytokine: Interferon- gamma

A

Source: NK cells, T lymphocytes
* NOT MACROPHAGES*

Target: activation of macrophages and stimulation of some Ab response

19
Q

Cytokine: Type 1 IFNs (alpha and beta)

A

Source:

  • alpha: macrophages
  • beta: fibroblasts

Targets:

  • All cells: antiviral state, increased MHC I expression
  • NK cells: activation
20
Q

Cytokine: IL-10

A

Source: Macrophages, T cells (mainly TH2)

Target: Macrophages - inhibition of IL-12, reduced stimulation of costimulators and MHC II molecules

21
Q

Cytokine: IL-6

A

Source: macrophages, endothelial cells, T cells

Target:

  • liver: synthesis of acute phase proteins
  • B cells: proliferation of Ab-producing cells
22
Q

Cytokine: IL-15

A

Source: macrophages

Targets:

  • NK cells: proliferation
  • T cells: proliferation
23
Q

Cytokine: IL-18

A

Source: Macrophages

Targets:
-NK cells and T cells: IFN-gamma synthesus

24
Q

PAMPs associated with Gram negative bacteria

A

Lipopolysaccharide
Porin
Lipoprotein

25
Q

PAMPs associated with Gram positive bacteria

A

Teichoic acid
Lipoteichoic acid
Peptidoglycan

26
Q

PAMPs associated with Fungi

A

Mannoproteins

27
Q

PAMPs associated with mycobacteria

A

Lipoarabinomannan

28
Q

Immunity timeline Phase 1

A
  • 0-4 hours
  • Non-induced innate/non-specific response
  • Preformed defenses (skin barrier, pH, saliva proteases)
29
Q

Immunity timeline Phase 2

A
  • 4-96 hours
  • Induced innate/broadly specific response
  • Phagocytosis, complement activation, cytokine secretion
30
Q

Immunity timeline Phase 3

A
  • > 96 hours
  • Induced adaptive/highly-specific response
  • B cells (Ab), helper T cells, cytolytic T cells
31
Q

Polymorphonuclear innate immune cells

A

1) Neutrophils: phagocytosis and digestion of microbes
2) Eosinophils: Allergic rxns, defense against helminths
3) Basophils: allergic rxns
4) Mast cells: allergic rxns

32
Q

Mononuclear innate immune cells

A

1) Monocytes: Circulating macrophage precursor

2) Macrophages: Phagocytosis and digestion of microbes, antigen presentation

33
Q

Recognition of nonself by innate immune cells

A

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) on innate immune cells recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) on pathogens

34
Q

General properties of PRRs

A

Specificity: structures shared by classes of microbes (PAMPs)

Receptors: encoded in germline, limited diversity (same from person to person, nonspecific)

35
Q

Toll-like receptors (TLRs)

A
  • Subcategory of PRRs
  • Bind to PAMPs on pathogens to elicit inflammatory response
  • some present on cell surface, some located in endosomes (respond only to nucleic acids)
  • Limited diversity: multiple TLRs can elicit same response when bound to PAMPs from same pathogen
36
Q

Cytokines (definition)

A
  • Small proteins secreted by many cell types
  • mediate inflammation, immunity, and hematopoiesis
  • endocrine, paracrine, or autocrine functions
  • two classes: pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory
37
Q

Chemokines (definition)

A

Small protein chemoattractants important for trafficking of immune cells

38
Q

Complement (definition)

A

Set of serum proteins which normally exist as soluble inactive precursors

Activation –> precursors cleaved into two or more fragments

39
Q

Large complement fragments

A

Enzymatic properties –> result in formation of Membrane Attack Complexes (MACs)

40
Q

Small complement fragments

A

Serve as:

  • opsonins: tag microbes for phagocyte uptake
  • chemotactic factors: attract immune cells
  • anaphylatoxins: degradation of mast cell
41
Q

Small complement fragments

A

Serve as:

  • opsonins: tag microbes for phagocyte uptake
  • chemotactic factors: attract immune cells
  • anaphylatoxins: degradation of mast cells/basophils, release of vasoactive substances
42
Q

Pathways of complement activation

A

1) classic: activated by Ag-Ab complexes
2) Alternative: activated by microbial cell walls
3) Lectin: activated by the interaction of microbial carbohydrates with mannose-binding protein in the plasma

43
Q

Complement system activation phases

A

1) Activation of C3 component

2) Activation of C5 component and formation of MAC

HDM (6 decks)

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