intro to immunology cm1 Flashcards
immunity meaning
the state of being immune to or protected
immune system
collection of cells, tissues, and molecules that mediate immunity
2 parts of the immune system
-the innate immune system
-the adaptive immune system
the innate immune system?
you are born with it, the first line of defense.
the adaptive immune system?
what is it mediated by?
You develop it when your body is exposed to microorganisms or the chemicals they release.
mediated by lymphocytes
immune response?
made by the host to defend itself against a pathogen.
immune response types?
-innate immune response
-adaptive immune response
-immunological memory
functions of the immune system
-defense against disease-causing pathogens
-defense against cancer
-homeostasis
-surveillance
-elimination of antigens
immune system disorders?
-immunodeficiencies
-autoimmunity
-hypersensitivity
factors that affect the immune system? (10)
-sleep disturbance
-alcohol
-smoking
-chronic stress
-poor nutrition
-poor physical activity
-obesity
-age
-genetics
-normal flora
father of immunology
Edward Jenner
humoral immunity?
what is it mediated by?
arm of the adaptive immunity, neutralize and eliminate extracellular microbes and microbial toxins.
-mediated by antibodies
cellular immunity?
what is it mediated by?
another arm of the adaptive immune system. fights against various types of microbes taken up by phagocytes or infected nonphagocytic cells
mediated by T lymphocytes
congenital immunity?
immunity at birth. can be natural or acquired. The acquired depends on the antibodies received from the mother’s blood
herd immunity?
when most of the population develops immunity against a contagious disease.
can be through vaccination or previous infection.
decreases the chance of disease transmission.
autoimmunity?
immune recognition and reaction against one’s own tissue
allergy?
a disorder caused by an immediate hypersensitivity reaction to an antigen (allergen) like food allergy, bee sting, or penicillin allergy.
how are allergies caused?
resulted by IgE production that’s stimulated by IL-4–producing helper T cell, followed by allergen and IgE-dependent mast cell activation
what are antibodies?
They are glycoproteins naturally produced in response to antigens like microorganisms and viruses.
What do antibodies look like?
they are Y-shaped molecules composed of four polypeptide subunits with 2 identical heavy and light chains
What is the name of the inferior part of the antibody?
what chain does it have
-Fc region, constant region
-heavy chain
What is the name of the superior part of the antibody?
what chain does it have
-Fab chain, variable region
-The superior chain is a heavy chain and the inferior chain is a light chain
What is the name of the bridge found in antibodies?
disulfide bridge
immunoglobulin?
a glycoprotein made of H and L chains, functions like antibodies.
All antibodies are immunoglobulins, but not all immunoglobulins have antibodies functions.
antigen?
a substance that can stimulate an immune response
binds to antibodies or TCR
autoantibody? example
antibody made for a self-antigen. autoantibodies cause autoimmune diseases like systemic lupus erythematosus
cytokines?
proteins that are produced and secreted by cells. Mediate inflammatory and immune reactions.
help in communication between the immune system and cells
chemokines? functions
a large family of homologous low-molecular-weight cytokines.
help in the leukocyte chemotaxis.
control leukocyte migration from blood to tissues by triggering leukocyte integrins.
preserve the arrangement of antigen-presenting cells and lymphocyte subtypes in lymphoid organs.
complement system
The system consists of serum and cell surface proteins that are activated either directly by pathogens or indirectly through antibodies linked to the pathogen. This results in a series of events on the pathogen surface that produce active components with different effector functions.
what are the activation of pathways?
classical pathway, antigen: antibody complexes
MB-lectin pathway, lectin binding onto the pathogen surface
alternative pathway, pathogen surface
what happens when the pathways are activated
complement system activates
inflammation cells come, opsonization of pathogen, killing the pathogen
hematopoietic stem cells (HSC)
multipoint primitive cells that can develop into all types of RBC and WBC
where are HSCs found?
peripheral blood (PB), bone marrow (BM), umbilical cord blood (UCB)
immunotherapy?
treatment with therapeutic agents that promote or inhibit immune response.
example of immunotherapy
cancer immunotherapy promotes active immune responses to tumor antigens
-administration of antitumor antibodies
-T cells to establish passive immunity
immune-mediated inflammatory disease
a disorder in which inflammation is chronic, not acute
immunogen
an antigen that induces an immune response
since not all antigens are immunogens what’s an example
haptens unless it bonded to a macromolecule
inflammation explained
a series of reactions that brings immune cells into the site of infection or damage
how does inflammation appear as
an increase in blood supply
increase of vascular permeability
increase trans endothelial migration of leukocytes
opsonization?
coating the antigen with components (antibodies, complement components, fibronectin) to help with phagocytosis
epitope
site of recognition on the antigen, also known as antigenic determination
paratope
site of recognition on the antibody that binds to the epitope
cell adhesion molecules (CAM)
cell surface proteins that mediate the interaction between cells, or between cells and the ECM
major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
genes that are responsible for the rejection of skin grafts
signaling between lymphocytes and cells expressing antigen
chemotaxis
migration of cells in response to the concentration gradient of chemotactic factors
phagocytosis
The innate immune system, including macrophages and neutrophils, engulfs large particles, forming a phagosome within the cell, which contains the ingested particle.
whats systemic lupus erythematous
butterfly malar rash
symptoms of systemic lupus erythematosus
5
heart problem, pleural effusion, lupus nephritis, arthritis, Raynaud’s phenomenon
