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microbiology y2 > intro to immunology cm1 > Flashcards

intro to immunology cm1 Flashcards

1
Q

immunity meaning

A

the state of being immune to or protected

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2
Q

immune system

A

collection of cells, tissues, and molecules that mediate immunity

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3
Q

2 parts of the immune system

A

-the innate immune system

-the adaptive immune system

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4
Q

the innate immune system?

A

you are born with it, the first line of defense.

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5
Q

the adaptive immune system?
what is it mediated by?

A

You develop it when your body is exposed to microorganisms or the chemicals they release.

mediated by lymphocytes

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6
Q

immune response?

A

made by the host to defend itself against a pathogen.

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7
Q

immune response types?

A

-innate immune response

-adaptive immune response

-immunological memory

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8
Q

functions of the immune system

A

-defense against disease-causing pathogens

-defense against cancer

-homeostasis

-surveillance

-elimination of antigens

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9
Q

immune system disorders?

A

-immunodeficiencies

-autoimmunity

-hypersensitivity

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10
Q

factors that affect the immune system? (10)

A

-sleep disturbance

-alcohol

-smoking

-chronic stress

-poor nutrition

-poor physical activity

-obesity

-age

-genetics

-normal flora

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11
Q

father of immunology

A

Edward Jenner

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12
Q

humoral immunity?

what is it mediated by?

A

arm of the adaptive immunity, neutralize and eliminate extracellular microbes and microbial toxins.

-mediated by antibodies

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13
Q

cellular immunity?

what is it mediated by?

A

another arm of the adaptive immune system. fights against various types of microbes taken up by phagocytes or infected nonphagocytic cells

mediated by T lymphocytes

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14
Q

congenital immunity?

A

immunity at birth. can be natural or acquired. The acquired depends on the antibodies received from the mother’s blood

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15
Q

herd immunity?

A

when most of the population develops immunity against a contagious disease.

can be through vaccination or previous infection.

decreases the chance of disease transmission.

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16
Q

autoimmunity?

A

immune recognition and reaction against one’s own tissue

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17
Q

allergy?

A

a disorder caused by an immediate hypersensitivity reaction to an antigen (allergen) like food allergy, bee sting, or penicillin allergy.

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18
Q

how are allergies caused?

A

resulted by IgE production that’s stimulated by IL-4–producing helper T cell, followed by allergen and IgE-dependent mast cell activation

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19
Q

what are antibodies?

A

They are glycoproteins naturally produced in response to antigens like microorganisms and viruses.

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20
Q

What do antibodies look like?

A

they are Y-shaped molecules composed of four polypeptide subunits with 2 identical heavy and light chains

21
Q

What is the name of the inferior part of the antibody?

what chain does it have

A

-Fc region, constant region

-heavy chain

22
Q

What is the name of the superior part of the antibody?

what chain does it have

A

-Fab chain, variable region

-The superior chain is a heavy chain and the inferior chain is a light chain

23
Q

What is the name of the bridge found in antibodies?

A

disulfide bridge

24
Q

immunoglobulin?

A

a glycoprotein made of H and L chains, functions like antibodies.

All antibodies are immunoglobulins, but not all immunoglobulins have antibodies functions.

25
Q

antigen?

A

a substance that can stimulate an immune response

binds to antibodies or TCR

26
Q

autoantibody? example

A

antibody made for a self-antigen. autoantibodies cause autoimmune diseases like systemic lupus erythematosus

27
Q

cytokines?

A

proteins that are produced and secreted by cells. Mediate inflammatory and immune reactions.

help in communication between the immune system and cells

28
Q

chemokines? functions

A

a large family of homologous low-molecular-weight cytokines.

help in the leukocyte chemotaxis.

control leukocyte migration from blood to tissues by triggering leukocyte integrins.

preserve the arrangement of antigen-presenting cells and lymphocyte subtypes in lymphoid organs.

29
Q

complement system

A

The system consists of serum and cell surface proteins that are activated either directly by pathogens or indirectly through antibodies linked to the pathogen. This results in a series of events on the pathogen surface that produce active components with different effector functions.

30
Q

what are the activation of pathways?

A

classical pathway, antigen: antibody complexes

MB-lectin pathway, lectin binding onto the pathogen surface

alternative pathway, pathogen surface

31
Q

what happens when the pathways are activated

A

complement system activates

inflammation cells come, opsonization of pathogen, killing the pathogen

32
Q

hematopoietic stem cells (HSC)

A

multipoint primitive cells that can develop into all types of RBC and WBC

33
Q

where are HSCs found?

A

peripheral blood (PB), bone marrow (BM), umbilical cord blood (UCB)

34
Q

immunotherapy?

A

treatment with therapeutic agents that promote or inhibit immune response.

35
Q

example of immunotherapy

A

cancer immunotherapy promotes active immune responses to tumor antigens

-administration of antitumor antibodies

-T cells to establish passive immunity

36
Q

immune-mediated inflammatory disease

A

a disorder in which inflammation is chronic, not acute

37
Q

immunogen

A

an antigen that induces an immune response

38
Q

since not all antigens are immunogens what’s an example

A

haptens unless it bonded to a macromolecule

39
Q

inflammation explained

A

a series of reactions that brings immune cells into the site of infection or damage

40
Q

how does inflammation appear as

A

an increase in blood supply

increase of vascular permeability

increase trans endothelial migration of leukocytes

41
Q

opsonization?

A

coating the antigen with components (antibodies, complement components, fibronectin) to help with phagocytosis

42
Q

epitope

A

site of recognition on the antigen, also known as antigenic determination

43
Q

paratope

A

site of recognition on the antibody that binds to the epitope

44
Q

cell adhesion molecules (CAM)

A

cell surface proteins that mediate the interaction between cells, or between cells and the ECM

45
Q

major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

A

genes that are responsible for the rejection of skin grafts

signaling between lymphocytes and cells expressing antigen

46
Q

chemotaxis

A

migration of cells in response to the concentration gradient of chemotactic factors

47
Q

phagocytosis

A

The innate immune system, including macrophages and neutrophils, engulfs large particles, forming a phagosome within the cell, which contains the ingested particle.

48
Q

whats systemic lupus erythematous

A

butterfly malar rash

49
Q

symptoms of systemic lupus erythematosus
5

A

heart problem, pleural effusion, lupus nephritis, arthritis, Raynaud’s phenomenon

microbiology y2 (2 decks)

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