Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

microbiology y2 > intro to immunology cm1 > Flashcards

intro to immunology cm1 Flashcards

(49 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

immunity meaning

A

the state of being immune to or protected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

immune system

A

collection of cells, tissues, and molecules that mediate immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

2 parts of the immune system

A

-the innate immune system

-the adaptive immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

the innate immune system?

A

you are born with it, the first line of defense.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

the adaptive immune system?
what is it mediated by?

A

You develop it when your body is exposed to microorganisms or the chemicals they release.

mediated by lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

immune response?

A

made by the host to defend itself against a pathogen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

immune response types?

A

-innate immune response

-adaptive immune response

-immunological memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

functions of the immune system

A

-defense against disease-causing pathogens

-defense against cancer

-homeostasis

-surveillance

-elimination of antigens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

immune system disorders?

A

-immunodeficiencies

-autoimmunity

-hypersensitivity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

factors that affect the immune system? (10)

A

-sleep disturbance

-alcohol

-smoking

-chronic stress

-poor nutrition

-poor physical activity

-obesity

-age

-genetics

-normal flora

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

father of immunology

A

Edward Jenner

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

humoral immunity?

what is it mediated by?

A

arm of the adaptive immunity, neutralize and eliminate extracellular microbes and microbial toxins.

-mediated by antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

cellular immunity?

what is it mediated by?

A

another arm of the adaptive immune system. fights against various types of microbes taken up by phagocytes or infected nonphagocytic cells

mediated by T lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

congenital immunity?

A

immunity at birth. can be natural or acquired. The acquired depends on the antibodies received from the mother’s blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

herd immunity?

A

when most of the population develops immunity against a contagious disease.

can be through vaccination or previous infection.

decreases the chance of disease transmission.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

autoimmunity?

A

immune recognition and reaction against one’s own tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

allergy?

A

a disorder caused by an immediate hypersensitivity reaction to an antigen (allergen) like food allergy, bee sting, or penicillin allergy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

how are allergies caused?

A

resulted by IgE production that’s stimulated by IL-4–producing helper T cell, followed by allergen and IgE-dependent mast cell activation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are antibodies?

A

They are glycoproteins naturally produced in response to antigens like microorganisms and viruses.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What do antibodies look like?

Study These Flashcards
A

they are Y-shaped molecules composed of four polypeptide subunits with 2 identical heavy and light chains

21
Q

What is the name of the inferior part of the antibody?

what chain does it have

Study These Flashcards
A

-Fc region, constant region

-heavy chain

22
Q

What is the name of the superior part of the antibody?

what chain does it have

Study These Flashcards
A

-Fab chain, variable region

-The superior chain is a heavy chain and the inferior chain is a light chain

23
Q

What is the name of the bridge found in antibodies?

Study These Flashcards
A

disulfide bridge

24
Q

immunoglobulin?

Study These Flashcards
A

a glycoprotein made of H and L chains, functions like antibodies.

All antibodies are immunoglobulins, but not all immunoglobulins have antibodies functions.

25
antigen?
a substance that can stimulate an immune response binds to antibodies or TCR
26
autoantibody? example
antibody made for a self-antigen. autoantibodies cause autoimmune diseases like systemic lupus erythematosus
27
cytokines?
proteins that are produced and secreted by cells. Mediate inflammatory and immune reactions. help in communication between the immune system and cells
28
chemokines? functions
a large family of homologous low-molecular-weight cytokines. help in the leukocyte chemotaxis. control leukocyte migration from blood to tissues by triggering leukocyte integrins. preserve the arrangement of antigen-presenting cells and lymphocyte subtypes in lymphoid organs.
29
complement system
The system consists of serum and cell surface proteins that are activated either directly by pathogens or indirectly through antibodies linked to the pathogen. This results in a series of events on the pathogen surface that produce active components with different effector functions.
30
what are the activation of pathways?
classical pathway, antigen: antibody complexes MB-lectin pathway, lectin binding onto the pathogen surface alternative pathway, pathogen surface
31
what happens when the pathways are activated
complement system activates inflammation cells come, opsonization of pathogen, killing the pathogen
32
hematopoietic stem cells (HSC)
multipoint primitive cells that can develop into all types of RBC and WBC
33
where are HSCs found?
peripheral blood (PB), bone marrow (BM), umbilical cord blood (UCB)
34
immunotherapy?
treatment with therapeutic agents that promote or inhibit immune response.
35
example of immunotherapy
cancer immunotherapy promotes active immune responses to tumor antigens -administration of antitumor antibodies -T cells to establish passive immunity
36
immune-mediated inflammatory disease
a disorder in which inflammation is chronic, not acute
37
immunogen
an antigen that induces an immune response
38
since not all antigens are immunogens what's an example
haptens unless it bonded to a macromolecule
39
inflammation explained
a series of reactions that brings immune cells into the site of infection or damage
40
how does inflammation appear as
an increase in blood supply increase of vascular permeability increase trans endothelial migration of leukocytes
41
opsonization?
coating the antigen with components (antibodies, complement components, fibronectin) to help with phagocytosis
42
epitope
site of recognition on the antigen, also known as antigenic determination
43
paratope
site of recognition on the antibody that binds to the epitope
44
cell adhesion molecules (CAM)
cell surface proteins that mediate the interaction between cells, or between cells and the ECM
45
major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
genes that are responsible for the rejection of skin grafts signaling between lymphocytes and cells expressing antigen
46
chemotaxis
migration of cells in response to the concentration gradient of chemotactic factors
47
phagocytosis
The innate immune system, including macrophages and neutrophils, engulfs large particles, forming a phagosome within the cell, which contains the ingested particle.
48
whats systemic lupus erythematous
butterfly malar rash
49
symptoms of systemic lupus erythematosus 5
heart problem, pleural effusion, lupus nephritis, arthritis, Raynaud's phenomenon

microbiology y2 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions