Intro to Immunology Flashcards
Where is GALT located?
tonsils and adenoids
peyer’s patches (small intestine)
appendix
Cells produced by the myeloid pathway:
Erythrocytes
platelets
cells of innate immune response
Cells produced by lymphoid pathway:
lymphocytes
List the granulocytes:
Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils (& mast cells?)
neutrophils:
phagocytosis, then destruction of pathogen by 1 of 2 methods:
Cytoplasmic granules: released into phagosome, decreasing pH and killing about 2% of pathogens
Oxidative burst: when many phagosomes are inside the neutrophil, highly reactive oxygen species are released and destroy the phagolysosomes and the pathogen is eliminated (requires NADPH)
Eosinophils
Not phagocytic, instead release histamine + other pro-inflams
fight parasitic infections by poking holes in outer layers
(can be involved in allergic reactions)
Basophils
allergies
not phagocytic
granules with histamines/pro inflam
mast cells
similar to basophils but live in tissues not blood
allergies
monocytes and macrophages
monocytes circulate in blood
macrophages are monocytes that migrate into tissues
phagocytic, APC, releases cytokines
where are dendritic cells found?
skin, epithelium mucosa
phagocytic, APC, releases cytokines
Which cell is best at phagocytosis?
Dendritic cells
matures when it phagocytoses
List the APC’s:
Dendritic, monocytes, and macrophages
connect immune and adaptive immune system
where do natural killer cells mature?
bone marrow
can travel in and out of blood stream to tissues
principal function of B cells and T cells and NK cells:
B: mediators of humoral immunity (aka antibody mediated)
T: cell-mediated
NK: innate immunity
What are NK cells good for?
Cancer and viruses
not good for bacteria
have granules in order to punch holes in pathogens
large lymphocytes
why is infection of the heart dangerous?
the cells cannot regenerate
cytokines are damaging and very nonspecific, often damaging host cells
B cells:
Do not require an APC
Use MHC II molecules
B cells:
Do not require an APC
Use MHC II molecules
CD4 vs CD8
CD4: helper T cell (MHC II aka foreign pathogens)
CD8: cytotoxic T cell (MHC I aka self [ex. cells changed by virus])
Undesirable consequences of the immune system
allergy
rejection of transplanted organ
autoimmune disorders
Which type of immunity causes fever and why?
Innate because of increased metabolism which increases healing and the killing of bacteria
Dendritic cells are best at phagocytosis, but why aren’t they most common?
They are only in skin
macrophages and neutrophils are more common
side note: macrophages are APCs and are activated by helper T cells which release stimulatory cytokines, allowing macrophages to do their job
si papi
