Intro to Immunology

Question 1

Where is GALT located?

Answer 1

tonsils and adenoids

peyer’s patches (small intestine)

appendix

Question 2

Cells produced by the myeloid pathway:

Answer 2

Erythrocytes
platelets
cells of innate immune response

Question 3

Cells produced by lymphoid pathway:

Answer 3

lymphocytes

Question 4

List the granulocytes:

Answer 4

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils (& mast cells?)

Question 5

neutrophils:

Answer 5

phagocytosis, then destruction of pathogen by 1 of 2 methods:

Cytoplasmic granules: released into phagosome, decreasing pH and killing about 2% of pathogens
Oxidative burst: when many phagosomes are inside the neutrophil, highly reactive oxygen species are released and destroy the phagolysosomes and the pathogen is eliminated (requires NADPH)

Question 6

Eosinophils

Answer 6

Not phagocytic, instead release histamine + other pro-inflams

fight parasitic infections by poking holes in outer layers

(can be involved in allergic reactions)

Question 7

Basophils

Answer 7

allergies

not phagocytic

granules with histamines/pro inflam

Question 8

mast cells

Answer 8

similar to basophils but live in tissues not blood

allergies

Question 9

monocytes and macrophages

Answer 9

monocytes circulate in blood

macrophages are monocytes that migrate into tissues

phagocytic, APC, releases cytokines

Question 10

where are dendritic cells found?

Answer 10

skin, epithelium mucosa

phagocytic, APC, releases cytokines

Question 11

Which cell is best at phagocytosis?

Answer 11

Dendritic cells

matures when it phagocytoses

Question 12

List the APC’s:

Answer 12

Dendritic, monocytes, and macrophages

connect immune and adaptive immune system

Question 13

where do natural killer cells mature?

Answer 13

bone marrow

can travel in and out of blood stream to tissues

Question 14

principal function of B cells and T cells and NK cells:

Answer 14

B: mediators of humoral immunity (aka antibody mediated)

T: cell-mediated

NK: innate immunity

Question 15

What are NK cells good for?

Answer 15

Cancer and viruses

not good for bacteria

have granules in order to punch holes in pathogens

large lymphocytes

Question 16

why is infection of the heart dangerous?

Answer 16

the cells cannot regenerate

cytokines are damaging and very nonspecific, often damaging host cells

Question 17

B cells:

Answer 17

Do not require an APC

Use MHC II molecules

Question 17

B cells:

Answer 17

Do not require an APC

Use MHC II molecules

Question 18

CD4 vs CD8

Answer 18

CD4: helper T cell (MHC II aka foreign pathogens)

CD8: cytotoxic T cell (MHC I aka self [ex. cells changed by virus])

Question 19

Undesirable consequences of the immune system

Answer 19

allergy

rejection of transplanted organ

autoimmune disorders

Question 20

Which type of immunity causes fever and why?

Answer 20

Innate because of increased metabolism which increases healing and the killing of bacteria

Question 21

Dendritic cells are best at phagocytosis, but why aren’t they most common?

Answer 21

They are only in skin

macrophages and neutrophils are more common

Question 22

side note: macrophages are APCs and are activated by helper T cells which release stimulatory cytokines, allowing macrophages to do their job

Answer 22

si papi