Intro to Immune System Flashcards
What are the 2 elements of the immune system
Fixed: lymphoid organs (primary:brain/thymus, secondary: spleen/lymph nodes/mucosal immune tissue)
Mobile: immune cells and soluble humoral components (antibodies, complement, and acute phase proteins)
What cells are part of innate immunity
Epithelial barriers Phagocytes Dendritic cells Complement NK cells ILCs
“PED-INC”
What cells are part of adaptive immunity
B lymphocytes
T lymphocytes
“BAT” B-lymph adaptive T-lymph
What cells does +G-CSF (granulocyte colony-stimulating factor) give rise to?
Basophils
Eosinophils
Neutrophils
occurs in bonemarrow
“BEN comes from the myeloid community and lives on +G-CSF street”
What cells does +M-CSF (monocyte colony-stimulating factor) give rise to?
Monocytes
Dendritic cells
occurs in bonemarrow
“Mary the MD comes from the myeloid community and lived on +M-CSF street”
What cells does +IL-7 (interleukin-7) give rise to?
B-lymphocytes & T-lymphocytes
“BiL & TiL come from the lymphoid family and they live on +IL-7 street”
what can a hematopoietic stem cell give rise to
HPCs are multipotent stem cells that give rise to myeloid and lymphoid progenitors
what can monocytes do
They can migrate into tissues and differentiate into monocyte-derived dendritic cells and tissue macrophages
What influences T-cell precursors to differentiate into functional T cells
Locally produced cytokines and growth factors
What cells make up the absolute white blood cell count
Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils Monocytes Lymphocytes (B&T)
which leukocytes are phagocytes
Monocytes and Neutrophils
What kind of lab exam provides the “complete hematologic picture” from a MORPHOLOGIC standpoint
CBC w/ differential (CBC w/ a differential leukocyte count)
Can we see anything on a blood smear?
If we stain the leukocytes with Giemsa stain. Otherwise, the cells are basically transparent, too pale, and almost invisible.
A blood smear does not allow differential of what kind of cells
B cells
T cells
NK cells
They all look the same under a microscope! To see them, we use antibodies that recognize specific antigens, termed CDs (cluster of differentiation) that are selectively expressed on each type of leukocyte
What are CD molecules and why do we use them
They are cell surface markers. Useful for identification and characterization of leukocytes.
What are T-cell markers
CD3
CD4
CD8
What are B-cell markers
CD19
CD20
What are NK-cell markers
CD56
What are macrophage/monocyte markers
CD14
Steps of a functional phagocyte response
- Recruitment of the cells to the infection site
- Recognition and activation by microbes
- Microbes ingested by phagocytosis
- Ingested microbes are destroyed
What do activated phagocytes secrete
Cytokines which promote and regulate immune responses
Which cell mediates the earliest phases of inflammatory reactions
Neutrophils (note: neutrophils are phagocytes)
What kinds of inflammatory mediators are produced by neutrophils
Cytokines
Prostaglandins
Leukotrienes
“CPL by neutrophiiiils” rhyme
What is leukocytosis
Elevated WBC. Neutrophilia is the most common type of leukocytosis because neutrophils are the most common granulocyte in blood circ.
What causes a “left shift”
Left shift is seen during infection or inflammation. Bone marrow is producing more WBCs and releasing them into the blood before they are completely matured.