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Building brains > Intro to human neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Intro to human neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the following orientations:

  • Superior
  • Inferior
  • Posterior
  • Anterior
  • Medial
  • Lateral
A
  • Superior = above
  • Inferior = below
  • Posterior = towards the back
  • Anterior = towards the front
  • Medial = towards the midline
  • Lateral = away from the midline
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2
Q

What are the orientations for the following:

  • Above
  • Below
  • Towards the back
  • Towards the front
  • Towards the midline
  • Away from the midline
A
  • Above = superior
  • Below = Inferior
  • Towards the back = Posterior
  • Towards the front = Anterior
  • Towards the midline = Medial
  • Away from the midline = Lateral
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3
Q

What are dorsal and ventral oreintations of the brain?

A

Dorsal = diagonally back
Ventral = diagonally front

(Defo refer to the diagram for this)

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4
Q

What are rostral and caudal orientations of the brain?

A

Rostral = diagonally up
Caudal = diagonally down

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5
Q

What is a saggital section of the brain?

A

Down the middle of the brain (top to bottom)

Like a hotdog roll

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6
Q

What us a horizontal/transverse section of the brain?

A

Lateral slide of the brain

Like a burger bun

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7
Q

What is a coronal section of the brain?

A

Slice ear to ear across the brain

Like a loaf of bread

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8
Q

What are the layers called that contain the brain?

A

The meninges

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9
Q

What are the 3 meninges that contain the brain?

A
  • Dura matter
  • Arachnoid matter
  • Pia matter

(In order of outside to in)

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10
Q

What is the structure of the dura matter that surround the brain like?

A

It has folds or reflections

The reflections keep the brain in place

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11
Q

What are the 2 key folds or reflections in the dura matter called?

A
  • Falx cerebri
  • Tentorium cerebelli
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12
Q

What is the arachnoid matter filled with?

A

CSF

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13
Q

What is the role of the arachnoid layer?

A
  • Recycle CSF back into the body
  • Arachnoid matter forms a film over the brain
  • Protects brain & keeps it in place
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14
Q

What are the 2 main types of meningeal haemotomas?

A
  • Subdural haemotoma
  • Epidural haemotoma
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15
Q

What happens in a epidural haemotoma?

A

Occur when bleeding happens between the skull & the dura matter (outer layer of brain)

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16
Q

What happens in a subdural hamotoma?

A

When bleeding occurs between the dura matter and the arachnoid layer

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17
Q

Which of the two types of meningeal haemotoma is more severe; subdural or epidural and why?

A

Epidural can be more serious

Subdural rupture liquid has somewhere to go & can spread around brain so less pressure

Epidural will put pressure on brain as tough outer layer (dura)

I think this is wrong im pretty sure the subdural would put more pressure on the brain as it cannot leave the dura mater - pls google this to clarify

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18
Q

Which meningeal layer protects the brain?

A

Dura magtter protects & supports the brain

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19
Q

Which miningeal layer has blood vessels & cerebral spinal fluid?

A

Arachnoid layer

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20
Q

What are the nicknames for each of the meninges?

A

Dura matter = tough mother
Arachnoid matter = spider mother
Pia matter = tender mother

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21
Q

What is the role of the falx cerebra (reflection in the brain)?

A

Fold of the dura mater

Seperates the 2 hemispheres of the brain

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22
Q

What is the role of the tentorium cerebelli (reflections in the brain)?

A

It is a tough crescent shaped fold of dura matter

Seperates the cerebellum from the occipital lobe (keeps things in place)

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23
Q

What is the overall role of the arachnoid matter?

A

Contains blood vessels & CSF

Cont. granulations which drain the fluid into the venous system

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24
Q

What are gyrus & sulcus in the brain?

A

Gyrus = bumpy bit
Sulcus = groove

Everyone has a different pattern in their brain (few prominent sulci, same for everyone)

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25
Q

What aere the 4 prominent sulci on the surface of the skull?

A
  • Precentral sulcus
  • Central sulcus
  • Lateral sulcus
  • Parieto-occipital sulcus

(refer to img for these)

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26
Q

What is the lateral sulcus?

A

Moves anterior to posterior direction - looks a bit like a thumb

Temporal from frontal & parietal lobes

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27
Q

What is the precentral sulcus?

A

Can be difficult to identify

Superior to inferiro direction

Closer to front (anterior) than back

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28
Q

What is the central sulcus?

A

Found behind the precentral (similar characteristics)

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29
Q

What is the parieto-occipital sulcus?

A

Found in the most posterior part of the brain

Seperates parietal & occipital lobes

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30
Q

What are the 4 sulci found in a saggital section of the brain?

A
  • Cingulate sulcus
  • Marginal sulcus
  • Central sulcus
  • Calcarine sulcus
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31
Q

What is the cingulate sulcus?

A

Anterior to posterior direction

Spans a lot of the brain

Parallel w corpus callosum

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32
Q

Where is the marginal sulcus found?

A

Where the cingulate sulcus bends up = marginal sulcus

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33
Q

Where is the central sulcus found? (saggital view)

A

Above the marginal sulcus - right side anterior = the central sulcus

Frontal from parietal lobe

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34
Q

What is the calcarine sulcus?

A

Anterior to posterior direction

Location of visual cortex

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35
Q

What do the key sulci in the brain allow us to do?

A

Organise & divide the lobes of the brain

  • Frontal
  • Parietal = (seperated by parietal-occipital sulci)
  • Occipital = “”
  • Temporal
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36
Q

What are the roles of each of the 4 brain lobes?

A

Frontal = personality, attention, motivation, movement

Parietal = integrating sensory info, laguage

Temporal = memory, sensory processing, laguage

Occipital = vision

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37
Q

What are the 3 main divisions of the brain in structural development?

A
  • Hindbrain (rhombencephalon)
  • Midbrain (mesencephalon)
  • Forebrain (prosencephalon)
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38
Q

What does the hindbrain divide into during development?

A
  • Metencepahlon
  • Myelencephalon
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39
Q

What structures are formed in the hindbrain?

A
  • Pons
  • Cerebellum
  • Medulla oblongata
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40
Q

What does the midbrain divide into during structure development?

A

Mesencephalon

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41
Q

What structures are formed in the midbrain?

A
  • Tectum (colliculi)
  • Tegmentum
  • Cerebral peduncles
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42
Q

What does the forebrain divide into during structural development?

A
  • Diencephalon
  • Telencephalon
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43
Q

What structures are formed in the forebrain?

A
  • Thalamus
  • Hypothalamus
  • Basal ganglua & cortex
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44
Q

What is the hindbrain?

A

Oldest & most conserved parts of the brain - divided into 2 parts

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45
Q

What is the midbrain?

A

Kind of stands alone, very unique & lots of important functions

Sits on top of pons - technically part of brain stem

46
Q

What is the forebrain?

A

Most of the brain in this section - all other subcortical structures

Newest & least conserved

47
Q

What is the brain stem composed of?

A

Midbrain, cerebellum, pons & medulla

48
Q

Where does the thalamus sit?

A

(Walnut size) Sits on the midbrain

Many pathways of brain communicate thru here

49
Q

Where is the hypothalmus located in relation to the thalamus?

A

It is located antriorally to the thalamus

50
Q

What is hypothalamus made up of & what does it do?

A

It is a cluster of nuclei rather than one big structure

It regulates endocrine & atunomic systems

51
Q

Where is the hippocampus located in the brain?

A

Located laterally in temporal lobes & moves posteriorly in brain

52
Q

What is the role of the hippocampus?

A

Important for memory & spatial navigation

53
Q

Where are the lateral ventricles in the brain like?

A

They’re big & have horns –> these stretch laterally into temporal lobes

54
Q

What is the basal ganglia?

A

Made up of putamen & caudate nucleus

Modulates movement

55
Q

What is the diencephalon made up of?

A

Thalamus & hypothalamus

56
Q

What surrounds the ventricles?

A

The corpus collosum

57
Q

What is the putamen like?

A

Large wedge shape structure, part of basal ganglia

More lateral to thalamus

58
Q

Where is the midbrain found?

A

Sits just above the pons

59
Q

What do the cerebral peduncles look like?

A

Two bumps called the mamillary bodies - look a bit like muscles

(Can be seen from a ventral veiw)

60
Q

Why are the cerebral peduncles important?

A

One comes from each side of the brain –> important in descending movement pathway

61
Q

What is the tectum?

A

4 bumps which can be seen from a dorsal view –> collectively called tectum

62
Q

What are the 4 bumps of the tectum called?

A

Top 2 bumps = superior colliculi

Bottom 2 bumps = inferior colliculi

63
Q

What is the role of the superior colliculi?

A

Part of an unconscious info system

(Top 2 bumps of the tectum)

64
Q

What is the role of the inferior colliculi?

A

Play a role in localisation of sound

(Bottom 2 bumps of the tectum)

65
Q

What does a transverse slice of the midbrain look like?

A

Looks like mickey mouse

(Judging by the image the cerebral peduncles are Mickey’s ears and the tecutum is found at the bottom - refer the the image very helpful)

66
Q

What is the role of the cerebellum?

A

Equilibrium, porture & synchronisation of movement

67
Q

What is the role of the brain stem?

A
  • Sensory & motor pathways
  • Autonomic processes
  • Consciousness & sleep
68
Q

What is the role of the thalamus?

A

Major relay station for sensory info from body

69
Q

What is the role of the hippocampus?

A

Memory & spatial navigation

70
Q

What is the role of the hypothalamus?

A

Endocrine functions, autonomic processes

71
Q

What is the role of the ventricles?

A

Produce cerebral spinal fluid & protect & cushion the brain

72
Q

What is the role of the caudate nucleus & putamen?

A

(Basal ganglia) - modulate movement, cognition & emotion

73
Q

What are the parts of the tranverse midbrian in terms of the Mickey diagram?

A

Bottom of head = tectum

Mickey’s mouth = cerebral aqueduct

Mickey’s headband = substantia nigra

Mickey eyes = highly vascularised area –> not part of core motor system, an acessory motor system

74
Q

What is the cerebral aqueduct?

A

Narrow thin channel

Periaqueductal gray

75
Q

Why does the substantia nigra appear dark in photos of the midbrain?

A

(Technically part of basal basal ganglia)

It is part of a group of cells that prodcue dopamine, bc when dopamine is produced, melanin is a by-product

76
Q

What are the 5 parts of the ventricular system?

A
  • Lateral ventricles
  • Interventricular foramen
  • Third ventricle
  • Fourth ventricle
  • Cerebral aqueduct
77
Q

What is the main part of the ventricular system?

A

Lateral ventricles are the main part (sometimes called horns)

78
Q

What is the role of the lateral ventricles?

A

Large & where a lot of CFS is produced

Flow works in an inside, out & around approach

79
Q

What route does the CSF move around the ventricular system?

A
  • Passes out of lateral ventricles thru small hole called interventricular foramen
  • To the third ventricle, flow is consricted, moving inferiorly & still under pressure thru small space in the cerebral aqueduct
  • Cont to push CSF down into fourth ventricle
  • Then pushed up & airound brain into subarachnoid area
80
Q

Where is the fourth ventricle located?

A

Between brain stem & cerebellum

81
Q

What are the 2 small channels CSF has to pass thru in the midbrain called?

A
  • Interventricular foramen
  • Cerebral aqueduct
82
Q

Where can CSF accumulate in the brain after its passed thru the ventricular system?

A

Cisterna magna –> huge storgae here, good for getting CSF samples

83
Q

What is CSF?

A

Colourless liquid that;

  • Bathes the brain
  • Assists in circulating substances
  • Provides cushioning
  • Absorbs shock
84
Q

Where is CSF produced?

A

In the choroid plexus & production indices CSF circulation

85
Q

What is the choroid plexus?

A

A group of cells that line the ventricles

86
Q

How much CSF do we have in the brain at one time and how much is it exchanged?

A
  • Approx 150mL of CSF
  • Exch 3 times each day
  • Produce approx 500mL of CSF a day

(Allows for constant movement)

87
Q

Describe the entire route of CSF flow around the brain:

A
  • Choroid plexus
  • Lateral ventricle
  • Interventriculat foramen
  • Third ventricle
  • Cerebral aqueduct
  • Fourth ventricle
  • Ciserna magna (stored)
  • Arachnoid granulation
  • Sits inside superior saggital sinus
88
Q

What is hydrocephalus?

A

An accumulation of CSF

CSF flow can get blocked = enlarged ventricles, don’t have space for 0.5L of CSF –> pressure on rest of brain!!

89
Q

What is an accumulation of CSF in the ventricles called?

A

Hydrocephalus

90
Q

What are the ventricles?

A

Series of inter-connected, fluid filled cavities that cushion the brain & bathe it in CSF

91
Q

What happens gto CSF after it leaves the ventricles?

A

Enters CISTERNS & sub arachnoid space b4 being circulated upwards & re-absorbed by ARACHNOID GRANULATIONS into veous circulation

92
Q

What components of the cerebral blood supply feed the posterior part of the brain?

A

Vertebral arteries;
- Inferior posterior cerebellar arteries
- Basilar artery;

  • Inferior anterior cerebellar arteries
  • Superior cerebellar arteries
  • Posterior cerebral arteries
93
Q

What components of the cerebral blood supply feed the anterior aspect of the brain?

A

The cartoid arteries;
- Anterior cerebral arteries
- Middle cerebral arteries

94
Q

What is the circle of Willis?

A

A major anastomis (connection between blood vessels) for the brain

95
Q

Where do the inferior posterior cerebellar arteries supply blood to in the brain?

A

Posterior cerebellum

96
Q

Where does the basilar artery supply blood to in the brain?

A

Brain stem

97
Q

Where do the inferior anterior cerebellar arteries supply blood to in the brain?

A

Anterior cerebellum

98
Q

Where do the superior cerebellar arteries supply blood to in the brain?

A

Cerebellum

99
Q

Where do the posterior cerebral arteries supply blood to in the brain?

A

Medial occipital & inferiro temporal lobe, hippocampus

100
Q

Where do the anterior cerebral arteries supply blood to in the brain?

A

Medial frontal lobe, corpus callosum

101
Q

Where do the middle cerebral arteries supply blood to in the brain?

A

Lateral temporal & parietal lobes & posterior frontal lobe

102
Q

When looking at an image of the brain what do the carotid arteries look like?

A

Stumps - they have to be cut to see the brain

When not cut they curl as they enter the skull

103
Q

Which group of arteries feed the front vs the back of the brain?

A

Front (anterior) = carotid arteries

Back (posterior) = vertebral arteries

104
Q

What is the blood brain barrier (BBB)?

A

An interface that ensures the circulatory system (blood) is kept seperate from the CSF

105
Q

What molecules can/can’t pass into the brain from the blood brain barrier?

A

Can:
Small molecules (oxygen, CO2, glucose or select amino acids)

Can’t:
Pathogens & larger molceules (antibodies cannot)

106
Q

What is a tight junction?

A

Blood vessels = composed of layer of endothelial cells, which fit together tightly

When 2 cells touch, their membranes create TIGHT JUNCTIONS

107
Q

What is the basement membrane?

A

SUrrounds endothelial cells

108
Q

What P and A play a role in maintaining the BBB?

A

Pericytes

Astrocytes

109
Q

What does the basement membrane do around the blood vessel?

A

This & fibrous connective tissues –> Cont different extracellular matrix proteins

Seperate the endothelial cells from surrounding tissue

Embedded in basement membrane = pericytes

110
Q

What is the role of pericytes in the BBB?

A

(Surround cells)

Have huge communication w endothelial cells for metabolism & stuff

Remove debris etc

In capillaries they cont blood flow

111
Q

What is the role of astrocytes in the BBB?

A

Surround many blood vessels

Have huge number of projections called endfeet - wrap around blood vessels & only allows select things to enter the brain

Stabilise BBB & cont water channels (Aquaporins) - allow water to enter brain

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