Intro to Human Body and Health Assessment Flashcards
What is anatomy?
study of body structure
What is physiology?
study of body function
What are structure-function relationships?
Structure determines function. Function modifies structure.
What is the difference between a sign and a symptom?
sign - objective physical indication of disease
symptom - subjective indication of disease of change in condition
What are the six characteristics of life?
Maintenance of boundaries, responsiveness, growth and differentiation, metabolism and excretion, movement, reproduction
What are maintenance of boundaries?
living organism has to keep internal environment distinct from external environment
What is responsiveness? aka excitability
the ability to respond to physical and chemical changes in the external and internal environment
What is metabolism and excretion?
Metabolism - sum of all the chemical reactions that take place in the cells (catabolism and anabolism)
Excretion - removal of waste products from the body
What is movement?
including moving body as a whole from one location to another, moving body parts, and/or moving materials around in the body
What is reproduction?
two levels:
cellular reproduction - in which original cell divides into 2 identical daughter cells
Organismic reproduction - results in new human organism
What are the organization levels?
Chemical ,cellular, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism
What is homeostasis?
maintenance of stable internal environment, involving process required to maintain internal conditions within narrow limits that are tolerable and necessary for health and survival
What are the 3 interrelated elements of the control of homeostasis?
receptor(sensor), control center (determines tolerable range for variable), and effector (feedback)
What kind of feedback comes from the effector?
negative (reverses/reduces original stimulus) or positive (enhances/intensifies stimulus)
Give examples of negative and positive feedback.
neg - thermoregulation
pos - bloodclotting
What is the purpose of health assessment?
Basis for planning nursing care, detecting changes, ongoing process for assessing effectiveness, developing a therapeutic relationship, maintain safety, understanding patient’s experience, part of comprehensive assessment
What is the percentage breakdown of information collected?
subjective 80%
objective 20%
What type of information is health history?
subjective
What is ROS AND CC?
Review of systems and chief complaint; they are both subjective
What is OLD CART?
Onset Location Duration Characteristic symptoms Associated Manifestation Relieving Factors Treatment
What type of information is the physical examination?
Objective
What are the four techniques of assessment?
Inspection, palpation, percussion, auscultation
ADPIE?
Assessment (noticing) Diagnosis (interpreting), Planning (responding), Implementation (responding), Evaluation (reflecting)
What is the relationships between anatomy and physiology?
Physiology can only be understood in the terms of underlying anatomy.
How are structure and function related?
Function always reflects structure because what a structure can do depends on its specific form. Principle of complementarity
Provide examples of structure-function relationships in the body.
Bones can support and protect body organs because they contain hard mineral deposits. Blood flows in one direction through the heart because the heart has valves that prevent backflow.
What are the major characteristics of life?
Maintenance of boundaries, responsiveness, growth and differentiation, metabolism and excretion, movement, and production.
What are the major characteristics of life?
Maintenance of boundaries, responsiveness, growth and differentiation, metabolism and excretion, movement, and production.
What are the body’s basic survival needs?
Nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temperature, appropriate atmospheric pressure
Why are nutrients important?
taken in by diet, chemical substances used for energy and cell building. Carbs, fats, proteins, minerals, and vitamins are essential
Why is oxygen important?
Human cells only survive a few minutes without it. 20% of our air is O2.
Why is water important?
50-60% of our body weight. Single most abundant substance in our body. Gained by diet and lost by evaporation from lungs, skin and body secretions
Why is normal body temperature important?
cannot drop below 37 deg. Celsius or 98.6 deg. Fahrenheit because either extreme causes death.
Why is appropriate atmospheric pressure important?
force that air exerts on body. Breathing and gas exchange must be adequate to support cellular metabolism.
What is the difference between anabolism and catabolism?
catabolism - breaking down substances into simpler building blocks
anabolism - synthesizing complex cellular structures from simpler substances
What is a receptor?
sensor that monitors the environment and response to changes called stimuli
What is a control center?
receives info from receptor along afferent pathway, determines set point, which is level/range at which a variable is to be maintained. Determines appropriate response
What is an effector?
receives info from control center along efferent pathway to provide means from control center’s response to stimulus
Describe how negative feedback works to maintain homeostasis in the body.
Its goal is to prevent severe changes in the body. It maintains some physiological function or keep blood blood chemicals within narrow ranges.
Give an ex. of physiologic variable whose level is maintained by a negative feedback mechanism.
Endocrine system controls blood sugar (glucose) by insulin. As blood sugar rises, receptors in the body sense this change and the pancreas (control center) secretes insulin into the blood. This change in turn prompts body cells to absorb more glucose, removing it from the bloodstream. As blood sugar falls, stimulus for insulin release ends.
Give an example of a physiologic variable which is normally regulated through a positive feedback mechanism. Describe the feedback loop involved in this case.
Oxytocin is a hypothalamic hormone that intensifies labor contractions for birth, causing them to be more frequent and subsequently release more oxytocin. This occurs until birth, when it shuts off the mechanism.
Identify the components of the nursing process.
Assessment (Noticing) Diagnosis (Interpreting) Planning (Responding) Implementation (Responding) Evaluation (Reflecting)
what is a sign or symptom?
Sign = objective physical indication of diseased, can be observed and/or measured by clinician Symptom = subjective indication of disease or a change in condition perceived by patient
