Intro to Human Body and Health Assessment

Question 1

What is anatomy?

Answer 1

study of body structure

Question 2

What is physiology?

Answer 2

study of body function

Question 3

What are structure-function relationships?

Answer 3

Structure determines function. Function modifies structure.

Question 4

What is the difference between a sign and a symptom?

Answer 4

sign - objective physical indication of disease

symptom - subjective indication of disease of change in condition

Question 5

What are the six characteristics of life?

Answer 5

Maintenance of boundaries, responsiveness, growth and differentiation, metabolism and excretion, movement, reproduction

Question 6

What are maintenance of boundaries?

Answer 6

living organism has to keep internal environment distinct from external environment

Question 7

What is responsiveness? aka excitability

Answer 7

the ability to respond to physical and chemical changes in the external and internal environment

Question 8

What is metabolism and excretion?

Answer 8

Metabolism - sum of all the chemical reactions that take place in the cells (catabolism and anabolism)
Excretion - removal of waste products from the body

Question 9

What is movement?

Answer 9

including moving body as a whole from one location to another, moving body parts, and/or moving materials around in the body

Question 10

What is reproduction?

Answer 10

two levels:
cellular reproduction - in which original cell divides into 2 identical daughter cells
Organismic reproduction - results in new human organism

Question 11

What are the organization levels?

Answer 11

Chemical ,cellular, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism

Question 12

What is homeostasis?

Answer 12

maintenance of stable internal environment, involving process required to maintain internal conditions within narrow limits that are tolerable and necessary for health and survival

Question 13

What are the 3 interrelated elements of the control of homeostasis?

Answer 13

receptor(sensor), control center (determines tolerable range for variable), and effector (feedback)

Question 14

What kind of feedback comes from the effector?

Answer 14

negative (reverses/reduces original stimulus) or positive (enhances/intensifies stimulus)

Question 15

Give examples of negative and positive feedback.

Answer 15

neg - thermoregulation

pos - bloodclotting

Question 16

What is the purpose of health assessment?

Answer 16

Basis for planning nursing care, detecting changes, ongoing process for assessing effectiveness, developing a therapeutic relationship, maintain safety, understanding patient’s experience, part of comprehensive assessment

Question 17

What is the percentage breakdown of information collected?

Answer 17

subjective 80%

objective 20%

Question 18

What type of information is health history?

Answer 18

subjective

Question 19

What is ROS AND CC?

Answer 19

Review of systems and chief complaint; they are both subjective

Question 20

What is OLD CART?

Answer 20

Onset Location Duration Characteristic symptoms Associated Manifestation Relieving Factors Treatment

Question 21

What type of information is the physical examination?

Answer 21

Objective

Question 22

What are the four techniques of assessment?

Answer 22

Inspection, palpation, percussion, auscultation

Question 23

ADPIE?

Answer 23

Assessment (noticing) Diagnosis (interpreting), Planning (responding), Implementation (responding), Evaluation (reflecting)

Question 24

What is the relationships between anatomy and physiology?

Answer 24

Physiology can only be understood in the terms of underlying anatomy.

Question 25

How are structure and function related?

Answer 25

Function always reflects structure because what a structure can do depends on its specific form. Principle of complementarity

Question 26

Provide examples of structure-function relationships in the body.

Answer 26

Bones can support and protect body organs because they contain hard mineral deposits. Blood flows in one direction through the heart because the heart has valves that prevent backflow.

Question 27

What are the major characteristics of life?

Answer 27

Maintenance of boundaries, responsiveness, growth and differentiation, metabolism and excretion, movement, and production.

Question 28

What are the major characteristics of life?

Answer 28

Maintenance of boundaries, responsiveness, growth and differentiation, metabolism and excretion, movement, and production.

Question 29

What are the body’s basic survival needs?

Answer 29

Nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temperature, appropriate atmospheric pressure

Question 30

Why are nutrients important?

Answer 30

taken in by diet, chemical substances used for energy and cell building. Carbs, fats, proteins, minerals, and vitamins are essential

Question 31

Why is oxygen important?

Answer 31

Human cells only survive a few minutes without it. 20% of our air is O2.

Question 32

Why is water important?

Answer 32

50-60% of our body weight. Single most abundant substance in our body. Gained by diet and lost by evaporation from lungs, skin and body secretions

Question 33

Why is normal body temperature important?

Answer 33

cannot drop below 37 deg. Celsius or 98.6 deg. Fahrenheit because either extreme causes death.

Question 34

Why is appropriate atmospheric pressure important?

Answer 34

force that air exerts on body. Breathing and gas exchange must be adequate to support cellular metabolism.

Question 35

What is the difference between anabolism and catabolism?

Answer 35

catabolism - breaking down substances into simpler building blocks
anabolism - synthesizing complex cellular structures from simpler substances

Question 36

What is a receptor?

Answer 36

sensor that monitors the environment and response to changes called stimuli

Question 37

What is a control center?

Answer 37

receives info from receptor along afferent pathway, determines set point, which is level/range at which a variable is to be maintained. Determines appropriate response

Question 38

What is an effector?

Answer 38

receives info from control center along efferent pathway to provide means from control center’s response to stimulus

Question 39

Describe how negative feedback works to maintain homeostasis in the body.

Answer 39

Its goal is to prevent severe changes in the body. It maintains some physiological function or keep blood blood chemicals within narrow ranges.

Question 40

Give an ex. of physiologic variable whose level is maintained by a negative feedback mechanism.

Answer 40

Endocrine system controls blood sugar (glucose) by insulin. As blood sugar rises, receptors in the body sense this change and the pancreas (control center) secretes insulin into the blood. This change in turn prompts body cells to absorb more glucose, removing it from the bloodstream. As blood sugar falls, stimulus for insulin release ends.

Question 41

Give an example of a physiologic variable which is normally regulated through a positive feedback mechanism. Describe the feedback loop involved in this case.

Answer 41

Oxytocin is a hypothalamic hormone that intensifies labor contractions for birth, causing them to be more frequent and subsequently release more oxytocin. This occurs until birth, when it shuts off the mechanism.

Question 42

Identify the components of the nursing process.

Answer 42

Assessment (Noticing)
Diagnosis (Interpreting) 
Planning (Responding)
Implementation (Responding)
Evaluation (Reflecting)

Question 43

what is a sign or symptom?

Answer 43

Sign = objective physical indication of diseased, can be observed and/or measured by clinician
Symptom = subjective indication of disease or a change in condition perceived by patient