Intro to Human body Flashcards
The study of body parts and their relationships to one another.
Anatomy
What are the four branches of anatomy?
Macroscopic or Gross Anatomy
Microscopic Anatomy
Regional Anatomy
Systemic Anatomy
What type of anatomy is the study of structures that are too small to be seen with the naked eye?
Microscopic Anatomy
Type of anatomy that the structures are large enough to be seen with the naked eye.
Macroscopic anatomy or gross anatmy
Which type of anatomy gives attention to all structures of a particular system regardless of its location?
Systemic anatomy
The type of anatomy that considers the regions of the body.
Regional anatomy
Which of the types of anatomy are specialization areas?
Macroscopic and microscopic
What types of anatomy are approaches of studying anatomy?
Regional and systemic
How are all branches of anatomy similar?
Tye all focus on the study of body’s structures and how they all work together
The study of function.
Physiology
The state of steady internal conditions maintained by living things.
Homeostasis
What are the levels of organization in the human body from smallest to most complex?
Subatomic particles
Atoms
Molecules
Organelles
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ systems
Organisms
Biosphere
What are subatomic particles?
Madeup of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
Building blocks of matter, combine to form molecules
Atoms
Two or more atoms combined together. These combine to make organelles
Molecules
The basic unit of all living cells
Organelles
Structural building blocks of all plants and animals
Cells
Groups of similar cells that have a common function
Tissues
Contains two or more types of tissues.
Organs
Living beings with a cellular structure capable of performing functions necessary for life
Organisms
Group of organs that work closely together to accomplish a specific purpose
Organ systems
An ecosystem composed of living things
Biosphere
What are the chemical levels of organization?
Subatomic particles, atoms, and molecules
What are the human body’s level of organization ??
Organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organsystem, organism
Which system consists of hair, nails, and skin?
Integumentary system
What is the function of the Integumentary system?
External support for protection of the body and temperature regulation.
Which organ system provides support, locomotion, and body heat production?
Muscular System
Muscular system
muscles attached to the skeleton
What organ system consists of bones?
Skeletal system
What is the main function of the skeletal system?
Internal support, flexible framework, forms blood cells and stores minerals
What does the endocrine system consist of?
Hormone secreting glands: Thyroid gland, pituitary gland, adrenal gland, pancreas, and others
What is the function of the endocrine system?
Secretes hormones that direct long term changes in the activities of other organ systems?
What does the nervous system consist of?
Brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves
What is the main function of the nervous system?
One of the two communication systems of the body.
Directs responses to stimuli, usually by coordination the activities of other systems.
Which organ system consists of the blood, blood vessels, and heart?
Cardiovascular system
What is the main function of the cardiovascular system?
provide internal transportation of nutrients and oxygen to body cells. While also removing wastes and carbon dioxide being transported away from the body cells.
What does the lymphatic system consist of?
Lymph nodes, spleen, thymus gland, bone marrow, and tonsils.
What are the main functions of the lymphatic system?
Houses the immune system cells of the body, provides protection against infection and disease, transports tissue fluid called lymph and absorbs fat.
What does the respiratory system consist of?
Lungs, trachea, larynx, and nasal passages
What are the main functions of the respiratory system?
Exchange of respiratory gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide, between the air and circulating blood.
What does the digestive system consist of?
Salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, and gallbladder
What are the main functions of the digestive system?
Taking in nutrients, breaking them down, and allowing for the absorption of food in order for the cells of the body to acquire nutrients, minerals, vitamins, and water, while eliminating waste products in the form of fecal material
What does the urinary system consist of?
Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra
What is the main function of the Urinary system?
Filters the blood of nitrogenous waste products; eliminates excess water; salts; and waste products, while also controlling pH and electrolyte balance of the body
What does the male reproductive system consist of?
Testes, scrotum, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and penis
What does the female reproductive system consist of?
Ovaries, uterus, vagina, and mammary glands
What is the function of the reproductive system?
The production of sperm and an egg, secretion of sex hormones, and copulation
What are the basic functions of human life?
Response
Modify
Growth and development
Reproduction
Movement
Respiration
circulation
Digestion
Excretion
What is the first law of thermodynamics?
Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, it can only change form.
What is metabolism?
A sum of catabolic reactions and anabolic reactions
What breaks down material and releases energy?
Catabolism
What is a reaction that builds things?
Anabolism
What is the cellular energy currency?
ATP (Adenosine triphosphate)
What is the optimal body temperature for the human body?
37 degrees Celsius or 98.6 degrees Farenheit
Which type of feedback reverses a change from a set point?
Negative feedback
What type of feedback enhances or accelerates a process to completion?
Positive feedback
What is an example of negative feedback?
Body Temperature
Blood pressure
What is an example of positive feedback?
Child birth
What does anterior or ventral mean?
Front or direction toward the front of the body.
What does posterior or dorsal mean?
back or direction toward the back of the body
What does superior or cranial mean?
A position above or higher than another part of the body
What does inferior or caudal mean?
A position below or lower than another part of the body. Near or toward the tail
What does lateral mean?
The side or direction toward the side of the body
What does medial mean?
The middle or direction toward the middle of the body
What does proximal mean?
a position in a limb that is nearer to the point of attachment or the trunk of the body
What does distal mean?
a position in a limb that is farther from the point of attachment or the trunk of the body
What does superficial mean?
Position closer to the surface of the body
What does deep mean?
a position farther from the surface of the body.
What is a plane that divides the body or an organ vertically into right or left sides?
Saggital plane
Which plane divides the body or an organ into an anterior portion and a posterior portion?
Frontal plane, also known as the coronal plane
Which plane divides the body into upper and lower portions?
Transverse Plane
Which is the cavity that includes the cranial and spinal cavities?
Dorsal cavity
Which cavity contains the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity and their subdivisions?
Ventral Cavity
What is in the cranial cavity?
The brain
What is in the spinal cavity?
The spinal cord
What is included in the thoracic cavity?
The lungs and heart
What is included in the abdominal cavity?
largest cavity in the body, houses the digestive organs
What does the Pelvic cavity consist of?
The reproductive organs
Who discovered X-rays?
Wilhelm Rontgen, a german physicist
What are xrays?
high energy electromagnetic radiation allows us to see internal structures of the body, such as bones
What is a noninvasive imaging technique that uses computers to analyze several cross sectional x-rays in order to reveal minute details about structures int he body
Computed Tomography
When are CAT scans requested?
For soft tissue scanning like the brain, and the thoracic and abdominal viscera
What uses radiowaves, a powerful magnet, and a computer to make a series of detailed imagesof areas inside the body?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Which scan uses a tracer to show both normal and abnormal metabolic activity?
PET Scan
Which type of scan uses sound waves?
Ultrasonography
Which of the following specialties might focus on studying all of the structures of the ankle and foot?
a. microscopic anatomy
b. muscle anatomy
c. regional anatomy
d. systemic anatomy
c. Regional anatomy
A scientist wants to study how the body uses foods and fluids during a marathon to run the scientist is most likely a/an:
a. Exercise physiologist
b. Microscopic anatomist
c. Regional physiologist
d. Systemic anatomist
a. Exercise physiologist
The smallest independently functioning biological unit of an organism is what?
Cell
What is a collection of small tissues that performs a specific function?
Organ
Which body system is responsible for structural support and movement?
Muscular System
Metabolism can be defined as the ________.
a. adjustment by an organism to external or
internal changes
b. process whereby all unspecialized cells
become specialized to perform distinct
functions
c. process whereby new cells are formed to
replace worn-out cells
d. sum of all chemical reactions in an organism
d. sum of all chemical reactions in an organism
. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is an important
molecule because it ________.
a. is the result of catabolism
b. release energy in uncontrolled bursts
c. stores energy for use by body cells
d. All of the above
c. stores energy for use by body cells
Cancer cells can be characterized as “generic”
cells that perform no specialized body function.
Thus cancer cells lack ________.
a. differentiation
b. reproduction
c. responsiveness
d. both reproduction and responsiveness
a. differentiation
Humans have the most urgent need for a
continuous supply of ________.
a. food
b. nitrogen
c. oxygen
d. water
c. Oxygen
Which of the following statements about nutrients
is true?
a. All classes of nutrients are essential to human
survival.
b. Because the body cannot store any
micronutrients, they need to be consumed
nearly every day.
c. Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are
micronutrients.
d. Macronutrients are vitamins and minerals.
a. All classes of nutrients are essential to human survival
C.J. is stuck in their car during a bitterly cold
blizzard. Their body responds to the cold by
________.
a. increasing the blood to the hands and feet
b. becoming lethargic to conserve heat
c. breaking down stored energy
d. significantly increasing blood oxygen levels
c. breaking down stored energy
. After you eat lunch, nerve cells in your stomach
respond to the distension (the stimulus) resulting
from the food. They relay this information to
________.
a. a control center
b. a set point
c. effectors
d. sensors
a. a control center
Stimulation of the heat-loss center causes
________.
a. blood vessels in the skin to constrict
b. breathing to become slow and shallow
c. sweat glands to increase their output
d. All of the above
c. sweat glands to increase their output
Which of the following is an example of a normal physiologic process that uses
a. blood pressure regulation
b. childbirth
c. regulation of fluid balance
d. temperature regulation
b. childbirth
What is the position of the body when it is in the “normal anatomical position?”
a. the person is prone with upper limbs, including palms, touching sides and lower limbs touching sides.
b. the person is standing facing the observer, with upper limbs extended out at a ninety-degree angle from the torso and lower limbs in a wide stance with feet pointing laterally.
c. The person is supine with upper limbs, including palms, touching sides and lower limbs touching at sides.
d. none of the above.
d. none of the above
To make a banana split, you halve a banana into two long, thin, right and left sides along the _____________.
a. coronal plane
b. longitudinal plane
c. midsagittal plane
d. transverse plane
c. midsagittal plane
The lumbar region is _________.
a. inferior to the gluteal region.
b. inferior to the umbilical region.
c. superior to the cervical region.
d. superior to the popliteal region.
d. superior to the popliteal region.
The heart is within the _____________.
a. cranial cavity
b. mediastinum
c. posterior (dorsal cavity)
d. all of the above
b. mediastinum
in 1901, Wilhelm Rontgen was the first person to win the Nobel Prize for physics. For what discovery did he win?
a. nuclear physics
b. radiopharmaceuticals
c. the link between radiation and cancer
d. x-rays
d. x-rays
Which of the following imaging techniques would be best to use to study the uptake of nutrients by rapidly multiplying cancer cells?
a. CT
b. MRI
c. PET
d. ultrasonography
c. PET
Which of the following imaging studies can be used most safely during pregnancy?
a. CT scans
b. PET scans
c. ultrasounds
d. x-rays
c. Ultrasounds
What are two major disadvantages of MRI scans?
a. release of radiation and poor quality images.
b. high cost and the need for shielding from the magnetic signals
c. can only view metabolically active tissues and inadequate availability of equipment
d. release of radiation and the need for a patient to be confined to a metal tube for up to 30 minutes
b. high cost and the need for shielding from the magnetic signals
Name atleast three reasons to study anatomy and physiology.
An understanding of anatomy and physiology is essential for any career in the health professions.
It can also help with making choices that promote your health, respond appropriately to signs of illness, make sense of health-related news.
Helps you in your roles as a parent, spouse, partner, friend, colleague and caregiver
For whom would an appreciation of the structural characteristics of the human heart come more easily: an alien who lands on Earth, abducts a human, and dissects the heart, or an anatomy and physiology student performing a dissection of the heart on her very first day of class? Why?
A student would more readily appreciate the structures revealed in the dissection. Even though the student has not yet studied the workings of the heart and blood vessels in her class, she has experienced her heart bearing every moment of her life, has probably felt her pulse, and likely has at least a basic understanding of the role of the heart in pumping blood throughout her body. This understanding of the heart’s function (physiology) would support her study of the heart’s form (anatomy).
Explain why the smell of smoke when you are sitting at a campfire does not trigger alarm, but the smell of smoke in your residence hall does.
When you are sitting at a campfire your sense of small adapts to the smell of smoke. Only if that smell were to suddenly and dramatically intensify would you be likely to notice and respond. In contrast, the smell of even a trace of smoke would be new and highly unusual in your residence hall, and would be perceived as danger.
Identify three different ways that growth can occur int he human body
Growth can occur by increasing the number of existing cells, increasing the size of existing cells, or increasing the amount of non-cellular material around cells.
When you open a bottle of sparkling water, the carbon dioxide gas in the bottle form bubbles. If the bottle is left open, the water will eventually “go flat.” Explain these phenomena in terms of atmospheric pressure.
In a sealed bottle of sparkling water, carbon dioxide gas is kept dissolved in the water under a very high pressure. When you open the bottle, the pressure of the gas above the liquid changes from artificially high to normal atmospheric pressure. The dissolved carbon dioxide gas expands, and rises in bubbles to the surface. When a bottle of sparkling water is left open, it eventually goes flat because its gases continue to move out of solution until the pressure in the water is approximately equal to atmospheric pressure.
On his midsummer trek through the desert, Josh ran out of water. Why is this particularly dangerous?
The primary way that the body responds to high environmental heat is by sweating; however, sweating requires water, which comes from body fluids, including blood plasma. If Josh becomes dehydrated, he will be unable to sweat adequately to cool his body, and he will be at risk for heat stroke as his blood pressure drops too much from the loss of water from the blood plasma.
Identify the four components of a negative feedback loop and explain what would happen if secretion of a body chemical controlled by a negative feedback system became too great.
The primary way that the body responds to high environmental heat is by sweating; however, sweating requires water, which comes from body fluids, including blood plasma. If Josh becomes dehydrated, he will be unable to sweat adequately to cool his body, and he will be at risk for heat stroke as his blood pressure drops too much from the loss of water from the blood plasma.
What regulatory processes would your body use if you were trapped by a blizzard in an unheated, uninsulated cabin in the woods?
Any prolonged exposure to extreme cold would activate the brain’s heat-gain center. This would reduce blood flow to your skin, and shunt blood returning from your limbs away from the digits and into a network of deep veins. Your brain’s heat-gain center would also increase your muscle contraction, causing you to shiver. This increases the energy consumption of skeletal muscle and generates more heat. Your body would also produce thyroid hormone and epinephrine, chemicals that promote increased metabolism and heat production.
In which direction would an MRI scanner move to produce sequential images of the body in the frontal plane, and int which direction would an MRI scanner move to produce sequential images of the body in the sagittal plane?
If the body were supine or prone, the MRI scanner would move from top to bottom to produce frontal sections, which would divide the body into anterior and posterior portions, as in “cutting” a deck of cards. Again, if the body were supine or prone, to produce sagittal sections, the scanner would move from left to right or from right to left to divide the body lengthwise into left and right portions.
If a bullet were to penetrate a lung, which three anterior thoracic cavities would it enter, and which layer of serous membrane would it encounter first?
The bullet would enter the ventral, thoracic, and pleural cavities, and it would encounter the parietal layer of serous membrane first.
Which medical imaging technique is most dangerous to use repeatedly, and why?
Ct scanning subjects patients to much higher levels of radiation than X-rays, and should not be performed repeatedly.
Explain why ultrasound imaging is the technique of choice for studying fetal growth and development.
Ultrasonography does not expose a mother or fetus to radiation, to radiopharmeceuticals, or to magnetic fields. At this time, there are not known medical risks of ultrasonography.
The toes are what to the foot?
Anterior
The orbits are what to the oris?
superior
The pelvis is what to the abdomen?
Inferior or caudal
the thumb (pollex) is what to the digits?
lateral
the hallux is what?
the medial toe
the brachium is what to the antebrachium?
proximal
the crus is what to the femur?
distal
the skin is what to the bones?
superficial
the brain is what to the skull?
deep
