INTRO TO HUMAN BODY Flashcards
WHAT IS “HOMEOSTASIS”?
THE STATE OF RELATIVE STABILITY OF THE BODY’S INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT. IT IS AN UNCEASING PROCESS.
How is homeostasis restored?
FEEDBACK SYSTEMS (CORRECTIVE CYCLES) WHICH HELP RESTORE CONDITIONS FOR HEALTH AND LIFE.
WHAT IS “ANATOMY”?
THE SCIENCE OF BODY STRUCTURES AND THEIR INTERRELATIONSHIPS. FIRST STUDIED BY DISSECTION DISSECTION IS THE CAREFUL CUTTING APART OF BODY STRUCTURES TO STUDY THEIR RELATIONSHIPS. TODAY A VARIETY OF IMAGING TECHNIQUES ADVANCE ANATOMICAL KNOWLEDGE. (ANA = APART + TOMY = PROCESS OF CUTTING).(DIS = APART + SECTION = ACT OF CUTTING).
WHAT IS PHYSIOLOGY?
THE SCIENCE OF BODY FUNCTIONS (HOW BODY PARTS WORK). “STUDY OF” + “NATURE”
WHAT ARE EXAMPLES OF STRUCTURE BEING RELATED TO FUNCTION (ANATOMY BEING RELATED TO PHYSIOLOGY)?
1 - WALLS OF ALVEOLI VERY THIN, THEREFORE RAPID MOVEMENT OF O2 INTO BLOOD.
2 - LINING IN URINARY BLADDER MUCH THICKER THAN IN ALVEOLI TO PREVENT ESCAPE OF URINE INTO PELVIC CAVITY, YET CAN STRETCH CONSIDERABLY TO COLLECT URINE.
WHAT IS EMBRYOLOGY?
THE STUDY OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT FOR THE FIRST 8 WEEKS AFTER FERTILISATION
WHAT IS DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY?
THE STUDY OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT FROM FERTILISATION TO DEATH
WHAT IS CELL BIOLOGY?
THE STUDY OF CELLULAR STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS
WHAT IS HISTOLOGY?
THE STUDY OF THE MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURES OF TISSUES
WHAT IS SURFACE ANATOMY?
THE STUDY OF SURFACE MARKING OF THE BODY TO UNDERSTAND INTERNAL ANATOMY THROUGH VISUALISATION AND PALPATION (GENTLE TOUCH).
WHAT IS GROSS ANATOMY?
THE STUDY OF STRUCTURES CAN BE STUDIED W/O A MICROSCOPE.
WHAT IS SYSTEMIC ANATOMY?
THE STUDY OF THE STRUCTURE OF SPECIFIC SYSTEMS OF THE BODY SUCH AS THE NERVOUS OR RESPIRATORY SYSTEMS.
WHAT IS RADIOGRAPHIC ANATOMY?
THE STUDY OF BODY STRUCTURES THAT AN BE VISUALISED WITH X-RAYS.
WHAT IS PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY?
THE STUDY OF STRUCTURAL CHANGES (FROM GROSS TO MICROSCOPIC) ASSOCIATED WITH DISEASE.
WHAT IS NEUROPHYSIOLOGY?
THE STUDY OF FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF NERVE CELLS.
WHAT IS ENDOCRINOLOGY?
THE STUDY OF HORMONES (CHEMICAL REGULATORS IN BLOOD) AND HOW THEY CONTROL BODY FUNCTIONS.
WHAT IS CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY?
THE STUDY OF THE FUNCTIONS OF THE HEART AND BLOOD VESSELS.
WHAT IS IMMUNOLOGY?
THE STUDY OF HOW THE BODY DEFENDS ITSELF AGAINST DISEASE-CAUSING AGENTS.
WHAT IS RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY?
THE STUDY OF FUNCTIONS OF THE AIR PASSAGEWAYS AND LUNGS.
WHAT IS RENAL PHYSIOLOGY?
THE STUDY OF THE FUNCTIONS OF THE KIDNEYS.
WHAT IS EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY?
THE STUDY OF CHANGES IN CELL AND ORGAN FUNCTIONS AS A RESULT OF MUSCULAR ACTIVITY.
WHAT IS PATHOPHYSIOLOGY?
THE STUDY OF FUNCTIONAL CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH DISEASE AND AGING.
WHAT TYPES OF TISSUE ARE IN THE STOMACH?
THREE LAYERS OF TISSUE IN THE WALLS
1 - OUTER COVERING IS THE SEROUS MEMBRANE – BOTH AN EPITHELIAL AND CONNECTIVE TISSUE WHICH DECREASES FRICTION WITH OTHER ORGANS
2 - UNDERNEATH THAT – (SMOOTH) MUSCLE LAYER WHICH CONTRACT, CHURN, MIX, PUSH CONTENTS INTO NEXT DIGESTIVE ORGAN (SMALL INTESTINE)
3 - INNERMOST LIVING – EPITHELIAL TISSUE LAYER
What is radiography?
.
What is MRI?
.
What is a CT scan?
.
What is a CT scan? What was it formerly known as?
.
What is an ultrasound scan?
.
What is a PET scan?
.
What is a radionuclide scan? What is a specialised type of it?
.
What is an endoscopy?
.
What organs do the digestive system include?
Mouth Salivary glands Pharynx (throat) Esophagus Stomach Small intestine Large intestine Liver Gallbladder Pancreas (also part of endocrine system )
What are three non-invasive diagnostic techniques?
Ironically “PAP”
Palpation
Auscultation
Percussion
What are the eleven systems of the human body?
Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Endocrine CV Digestive Urinary Lymphatic + Immune Respiratory Reproductive
What are the most import life processes in the human body?
Metabolism ( including catabolism and anabolism)
Responsiveness
Growth
Differentiation
Reproduction (including new cells for tissue growth, repair or replacement as well as production of a new individual)
What is the ECF within blood vessels?
Blood plasma
What is the ECF in lymphatic vessels?
Lymph
ECF in and around brain?
Cerebrospinal fluid
ECF in joints?
Synovial fluid
ECF of eyes?
Aqueous humour
Vitreous body
What is an autopsy?
Post Mortem exam
Dissection internal organs
To confirm/determine cause of death
“Seeing for oneself”
What is a diagnosis?
The science and skill of distinguishing one disorder to disease from another. Based on -
symptoms (from a med history )
signs
medical history ( chief complaint, history of present illness, past med problems, family medical problems, social history, review of symptoms)
physical exam (inc. non invasive techniques and measurement of vital signs and lab tests )
“Through knowing”
What are the symptoms vs signs?
Symptoms — Subjective Headache Nausea Anxiety
Signs—
Objective
Measureable
Observable
Anatomical examples
Swelling
Rash
Physiological examples
Fever
High BP
Paralysis
What is a disorder?
Any abnormality of structure or function
What is a disease?
An illness with set signs and symptoms
It can be local or systemic
What are the two main types of body fluid (plus one subtype)?
ICF
ECF - including interstitial fluid - fills the narrow spaces between cells and is aka “internal environment” of body because proper functioning of body cells depends on interstitial fluid composition surrounding them
Why autopsy?
To confirm/determine cause of death Can uncover undetected diseases Determine extent injuries Explain how contributed Reveal conditions affecting offspring or siblings (congenital heart defects) Info about disease Stats Educate health students Resolving beneficiaries/insurance company disputes Legal req eg. Criminal investigation
