Intro to Herps Flashcards
1
Q
taxonomy
A
standardized way of classification
2
Q
taxon
A
group of related organisms
3
Q
character
A
heritable attribute of an organism
4
Q
root
A
common ancestor to all members of tree
5
Q
node/branch point
A
points of divergence
6
Q
Branch
A
a lineage
7
Q
leaf
A
taxon of interest ( the descendants)
8
Q
plesiomorphy
A
ancestral characteristic; like ancestor
9
Q
apomorphy
A
derived character; different from ancestral form
10
Q
synapomorphy
A
shared derived characters
11
Q
autapomorphy
A
unique character of a specific taxon
12
Q
clade/monophyly
A
a common ancestor and all descendants
13
Q
paraphyletic taxon
A
common ancestor and some but not all descendants
14
Q
polyphyletic taxon
A
distantly related species but not their common ancestor
15
Q
herps
A
reptiles and amphibians
16
Q
amphibian domain
A
eukarya
17
Q
amphibian kingdom
A
animalia
18
Q
amphibian phylum
A
chordata
19
Q
amphibian class
A
amphibia
20
Q
living amphibian subclass
A
lissamphibia
21
Q
3 orders of amphibians
A
anura, urodela, gymnophiona
22
Q
anura
A
frogs and toads
23
Q
urodela
A
salamanders and newts
24
Q
gymnophiona
A
caecilians
25
reptile domain
eukarya
26
reptile kindom
animalia
27
reptile phylum
chordata
28
reptile clades
tetrapoda and amniota
29
Reptile clase
reptilia
30
common anatomical characters of herps
vertebrae, jaws, axial and appendicular skeleton, 4 limbs, pectoral and pelvic girdles, distinct head and neck
31
axial skeleton
skull spine and ribs
32
appendicular skeleton
limb bones
33
sense come from
middle ear, vomeronasal organ(smell), lateral line, modifcations for sight
34
cardiovascular system is made of
heart, vessels, blood
35
right heart pumps
deoxygenated blood to lungs
36
left heart pumps
oxygenated blood to body
37
veins
lead to heart
38
arteries
lead away from heart
39
blood layers afer centrifugation
plamsa, buffy coat(white blood cells) and erthrocytes
40
plasma makes up
55-60% of whole blood
41
plasma is made up of
90% water
42
buffy coat is made of
white blood cells and platelets
43
erythrocytes are
red blood cells
44
red blood cells in mammals
no organelles, no nucleus, not functional at maturity
45
hemoglobin
iron containing oxygen binding pigment
46
hemoglobin is made of
4 polypeptide chains and 4 heme groups
47
red blood cells in herps
nucleated, functional, have mitochondria
48
5 types of vessels
arteries, arterioles, veins, venules, capillaries
49
arterioles
small arteries
50
venules
small veins
51
capillaries
between arteries and veins
52
how many chambers in a human heart
4; 2 atria, 2 ventricles
53
functions of the human heart
blood pressure, separate pulmonary/systemic curcuits
54
function of right atrium
receives deoxygenated blood from 3 veins: superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus
55
function of left atrium
receives oxygenated blood from 4 pulmonary veins
56
right ventricle
receives deoxygenated blood from right atrium and pumps in to lung
57
left ventricle
receives oxygenated blood from left atrium and pumps it to tissues
58
frog heart
2 curcuits, 3-chambered heart
59
turtle/lizard heart
2 curcuits, "5" chambered heart
60
crocodile heart
2-curcuits, 4 chambered heart
61
amphibian heart characteristics
3 chambers, 2 atria, 1 ventricle(blood mixes), sinus venosus
62
sinus venosus
pacemaker of the heart
63
truncus arteriosus function
receive blood from ventricle, spiral valve may help dictate where blood flows
64
Plethodontid salamander heart
2 chambers, 1 ventricle, atrium not completely divided
65
shunt
alternative pathway for blood flow; blood can bypass organ
66
direction of shunt is dictated by
pressure
67
L-R Shunt
blood passes systemic circulation and returns to lungs; higher oxygen content
68
R-L shunt
blood bypasses lungs, goes to systemic; blood is deoxygenated
69
turtle,snake,lizard heart
3 chambered physically, 2 atria, 1 ventricle; **5 chambered functionally, ventricle splits into 3 parts
70
5 chambered heart
2 atria, 3 ventricular compartments: cavum pulmonale, caum venosum, cavum arteriosum
71
3 outflows from 5 chambered heart
pulmonary artery, left aorta, right aorta
72
what separates ventricular compartments
muscular ridge
73
crocodilian heart
4 chambered, 2 atria, 2 ventricles
74
foramen of panizza
connects left and right aortas in crocodillian hearts
75
functions of respiratory system
gas exchange, olfaction, sound production, regulate pH
76
function of capillaries
exchange of materials; connect arterial nd venous system
77
upper respiratory system
nose, paranasal sinuses, pharynx
78
lower respiratory system
larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, aveoli, lungs, pleurae
79
alveoli
where gas exchange takes place
80
sites of gas exchange in herps
lungs, gills, skin/cutaneous, pharynx, cloaca
81
negative pressure breathing
pressure differences allow for air to move; pulls air in and changes intrapulmonary pressure relative to atmospheric
82
inspiration
breathe in
83
expiration
breathe out
84
type of breathing for reptiles
negative pressure breathing
85
positive pressure breathing
raising pressure forces air into lungs (amphibians)
86
why does a frogs throat move
2 stroke buccal pumping in amphibians
87
