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Herpetology T1 > Intro to Herps > Flashcards

Intro to Herps Flashcards

1
Q

taxonomy

A

standardized way of classification

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2
Q

taxon

A

group of related organisms

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3
Q

character

A

heritable attribute of an organism

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4
Q

root

A

common ancestor to all members of tree

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5
Q

node/branch point

A

points of divergence

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6
Q

Branch

A

a lineage

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7
Q

leaf

A

taxon of interest ( the descendants)

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8
Q

plesiomorphy

A

ancestral characteristic; like ancestor

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9
Q

apomorphy

A

derived character; different from ancestral form

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10
Q

synapomorphy

A

shared derived characters

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11
Q

autapomorphy

A

unique character of a specific taxon

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12
Q

clade/monophyly

A

a common ancestor and all descendants

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13
Q

paraphyletic taxon

A

common ancestor and some but not all descendants

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14
Q

polyphyletic taxon

A

distantly related species but not their common ancestor

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15
Q

herps

A

reptiles and amphibians

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16
Q

amphibian domain

A

eukarya

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17
Q

amphibian kingdom

A

animalia

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18
Q

amphibian phylum

A

chordata

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19
Q

amphibian class

A

amphibia

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20
Q

living amphibian subclass

A

lissamphibia

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21
Q

3 orders of amphibians

A

anura, urodela, gymnophiona

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22
Q

anura

A

frogs and toads

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23
Q

urodela

A

salamanders and newts

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24
Q

gymnophiona

A

caecilians

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25
Q

reptile domain

A

eukarya

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26
Q

reptile kindom

A

animalia

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27
Q

reptile phylum

A

chordata

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28
Q

reptile clades

A

tetrapoda and amniota

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29
Q

Reptile clase

A

reptilia

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30
Q

common anatomical characters of herps

A

vertebrae, jaws, axial and appendicular skeleton, 4 limbs, pectoral and pelvic girdles, distinct head and neck

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31
Q

axial skeleton

A

skull spine and ribs

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32
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

limb bones

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33
Q

sense come from

A

middle ear, vomeronasal organ(smell), lateral line, modifcations for sight

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34
Q

cardiovascular system is made of

A

heart, vessels, blood

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35
Q

right heart pumps

A

deoxygenated blood to lungs

36
Q

left heart pumps

A

oxygenated blood to body

37
Q

veins

A

lead to heart

38
Q

arteries

A

lead away from heart

39
Q

blood layers afer centrifugation

A

plamsa, buffy coat(white blood cells) and erthrocytes

40
Q

plasma makes up

A

55-60% of whole blood

41
Q

plasma is made up of

A

90% water

42
Q

buffy coat is made of

A

white blood cells and platelets

43
Q

erythrocytes are

A

red blood cells

44
Q

red blood cells in mammals

A

no organelles, no nucleus, not functional at maturity

45
Q

hemoglobin

A

iron containing oxygen binding pigment

46
Q

hemoglobin is made of

A

4 polypeptide chains and 4 heme groups

47
Q

red blood cells in herps

A

nucleated, functional, have mitochondria

48
Q

5 types of vessels

A

arteries, arterioles, veins, venules, capillaries

49
Q

arterioles

A

small arteries

50
Q

venules

A

small veins

51
Q

capillaries

A

between arteries and veins

52
Q

how many chambers in a human heart

A

4; 2 atria, 2 ventricles

53
Q

functions of the human heart

A

blood pressure, separate pulmonary/systemic curcuits

54
Q

function of right atrium

A

receives deoxygenated blood from 3 veins: superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus

55
Q

function of left atrium

A

receives oxygenated blood from 4 pulmonary veins

56
Q

right ventricle

A

receives deoxygenated blood from right atrium and pumps in to lung

57
Q

left ventricle

A

receives oxygenated blood from left atrium and pumps it to tissues

58
Q

frog heart

A

2 curcuits, 3-chambered heart

59
Q

turtle/lizard heart

A

2 curcuits, “5” chambered heart

60
Q

crocodile heart

A

2-curcuits, 4 chambered heart

61
Q

amphibian heart characteristics

A

3 chambers, 2 atria, 1 ventricle(blood mixes), sinus venosus

62
Q

sinus venosus

A

pacemaker of the heart

63
Q

truncus arteriosus function

A

receive blood from ventricle, spiral valve may help dictate where blood flows

64
Q

Plethodontid salamander heart

A

2 chambers, 1 ventricle, atrium not completely divided

65
Q

shunt

A

alternative pathway for blood flow; blood can bypass organ

66
Q

direction of shunt is dictated by

A

pressure

67
Q

L-R Shunt

A

blood passes systemic circulation and returns to lungs; higher oxygen content

68
Q

R-L shunt

A

blood bypasses lungs, goes to systemic; blood is deoxygenated

69
Q

turtle,snake,lizard heart

A

3 chambered physically, 2 atria, 1 ventricle; **5 chambered functionally, ventricle splits into 3 parts

70
Q

5 chambered heart

A

2 atria, 3 ventricular compartments: cavum pulmonale, caum venosum, cavum arteriosum

71
Q

3 outflows from 5 chambered heart

A

pulmonary artery, left aorta, right aorta

72
Q

what separates ventricular compartments

A

muscular ridge

73
Q

crocodilian heart

A

4 chambered, 2 atria, 2 ventricles

74
Q

foramen of panizza

A

connects left and right aortas in crocodillian hearts

75
Q

functions of respiratory system

A

gas exchange, olfaction, sound production, regulate pH

76
Q

function of capillaries

A

exchange of materials; connect arterial nd venous system

77
Q

upper respiratory system

A

nose, paranasal sinuses, pharynx

78
Q

lower respiratory system

A

larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, aveoli, lungs, pleurae

79
Q

alveoli

A

where gas exchange takes place

80
Q

sites of gas exchange in herps

A

lungs, gills, skin/cutaneous, pharynx, cloaca

81
Q

negative pressure breathing

A

pressure differences allow for air to move; pulls air in and changes intrapulmonary pressure relative to atmospheric

82
Q

inspiration

A

breathe in

83
Q

expiration

A

breathe out

84
Q

type of breathing for reptiles

A

negative pressure breathing

85
Q

positive pressure breathing

A

raising pressure forces air into lungs (amphibians)

86
Q

why does a frogs throat move

A

2 stroke buccal pumping in amphibians

87
Q
A

Herpetology T1 (1 decks)

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