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Hematology > Intro to Hematology > Flashcards

Intro to Hematology Flashcards

1
Q

What’s on a CBC with diff?

A

WBC > Hgb/Hct < Plt

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2
Q

What are all blood cells derived from?

A
  • Hematopoietic stem cell can become 1 of 10 blood lineages.

- Stem cells maintained at constant rate in bondy

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3
Q

Hematopoietic Family Tree

A

Pluripotent Stem Cell –> Lymphoid stem cell –> B-lymphocyte, T lymphocyte, Plasma Cell

Pluripotent Stem Cell –> Myeloid stem cell –> All the rest of the cells

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4
Q

2 characteristics of stem cells

A

1) Plasticity/pleuripotential: can generate all types of blood cells
2) Self Renewal: maintained at constant rate

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5
Q

2 types of Progenitor Cells

A

1) Early Progenitor (more like a stem cell)

2) Late Progenitor (restricted to one cell lineage).

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6
Q

Regulation of Hematopoiesis

A

Balance b/t programmed cell death (apoptosis) and Bone Marrow Production –> Results in imbalance (anemia vs polycythemia)

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7
Q

Colony stimulating factors

A

-Made by pharmaceuticals
-Able to grow many types of specific cells lines
(M-CSF = macrophage colony stimulating factor)

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8
Q

Erythropoietin

A
  • Erythropoiesis stimulating hormone
  • Produced in kidneys
  • Pts with renal failure are anemic
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9
Q

Thrombopoietin

A
  • Makes bone marrow cells

- pts with cirrhosis have low platelets

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10
Q

Sites of hematopoiesis (3)

A

1) Yolk sac (pre-fetus)
2) Liver and spleen (fetus)
3) Bone Marrow (after birth)

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11
Q

Bone Marrow characteristics

A
  • TONS of erythrocytes and leukocytes
  • After 18y/o, bone marrow becomes “inactive”
  • Only 1/2 of bone marrow in adults is “active”
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12
Q

Hemoglobin is made of______and______.

A

Heme and Globin

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13
Q

Heme is a ring structure centered on a ______atom. It is made in the _______.

A

Fe atom, Mitochondria

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14
Q

Globin is synthesized in the ________.

A

Ribosomes.

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15
Q

One RBC can carry > 1 billion______moleclues

A

oxygen

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16
Q

Common types of hemoglobin –> Differ by chains

A

A/A2 (adult) –>98% is Hgb A
F (fetal)
S (sickle cell)

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17
Q

Fetal Hgb Chains

A

2 alpha, 2 gammas –> fetal Hgb has greater affinity for oxygen so it can extract O2 from placental blood flow

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18
Q

Oxygen-Hgb Dissociation Curve

A
  • Right shift = easy O2 delivery; acidosis, high 2,3-DPG, Hgb S
  • Left shift = give up O2 less readily; low 2,3-DPG, alkolosis
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19
Q

2,3 - DPG/BPG

A

Facilitates unloading of oxygen

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20
Q

Erythrocyte is the most ______cell in body. It is _____but transports_______via Hgb. It’s shape is ______discs. It is extremely _______.

A

Abundant; anaerobic; oxygen; biconcave; pliable.

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21
Q

Reticulocyte

A

Immature RBC

Stains blue

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22
Q

RBC production depends on 3 supplies for production:

A

Fe, Folate, B-12

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23
Q

Erythropoietin made by kidneys in response to ______.

A

hypoxia

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24
Q

RBC production also stimulated by: (3)

A

Thyroxin
Testosterone
Growth Hormone

25
Q

Lifespan is of erythrocyte is______days. That is why diabetic A1C is measured every 3 months.

A

90-120.

26
Q

Shape of erythrocyte allows it to ______on top of one another. The pliability allows it to pass through______beds.

A

stack; capillary

27
Q

RBC functionality and lifespan depends on 3 things:

A

shape
viscosity
pliability

28
Q

Where do retired RBCs go?

A

Spleen! And Liver!

29
Q

Extravascular Hemolysis

A

RBC destruction in spleen and liver. Normal phenomenon.

30
Q

Intravascular Hemolysis

A

RBC destruction in the blood vessels. Not normal! Pathologic. RBCs are lysing in blood vessels.

31
Q

Hgb catabolism results in _____returned to bone marrow to make more RBCs. And the protopophyrin ring is broken into ______in liver and excreted.

A

Fe, Bilirubin

32
Q

Hematocrit measures:

A

% of RBCs in whole blood volume

33
Q

Hgb measures:

A

Measurement of main transport molecule of RBCs

34
Q

Hct should be ______times higher than Hgb.

A

3

35
Q

MCV

A

MEAN CELL VOLUME
-average volume of an RBC

Small RBC = low MCV; microcidic anemia
Large RBC = high MCV; macrocidic anemia
Normal = 80-100

36
Q

RDW

A

red blood cell distribution

  • indicator of the degree of variation in the size of RBCs
  • Small RDW (more uniform)
  • Large RDW (more variation)
37
Q

MCH and MCHC

A

Mean Corpuscular Hgb
Mean Corpuscular Hgb conc.
Both test concentration of Hgb in RBCs

38
Q

Elevated Hematocrit

A

Polycythemia (too many RBCs in blood)

39
Q

Depressed Hematocrit

A

Anemia

40
Q

With anemia think: (5)

A 
Problem with 
Production?
Bone marrow defect?
Defective production?
Decreased RBC lifespan?
Blood loss?
41
Q

WBC are major cells of ______ response.

A

Immune

42
Q

Neutrophils stain______. They attack _____. First to respond to site of _______. Attack _____cells. Elevated from ________, surgical stress, _______, and corticosteroids.

A

neutral, bacteria, injury, marked, infection, trauma

43
Q

Eosinophils stain ______. Attack objects covered in ______. Attack all sorts…including ________. Elevated in_________.

A

Red, antibodies, flukes and parasites, allergies

44
Q

Basophils stain_______. Eat up damaged ______. Release granules that contain _______and______. Play a role in ______ and anaphylaxis.

A

Blue, tissue, histamine and heparin, allergies

45
Q

Monocytes become_______, and eat up ______.

A

Macrophages, foreign material.

46
Q

Lymphocytes are elevated in _______infections. Can be suppressed by _______.

A

Viral, steroids.

47
Q

T-Cells are _____mediated immunity. Stimulated by recognition of _____on cell membranes. Use______ on cell membrane to distinguish b/t self and non-self.

A

cell, antigen, Major Histocompatibility Complex

48
Q

Killer T-Cells attack______cells in body. They can kill_____,_____,_____ infected cells.

A

infected, virus-bacteria-cancer infected cells

49
Q

Drugs used to target T-Cell supression can lead to_____, or development of _______.

A

increase risk of infection, development of cancer.

50
Q

B-lymphocytes when stimulated lead to ______B-Cells, and ______B-cells.

A

memory, activated

51
Q

IgG (3)

A
  1. Most abundant
  2. Crosses placenta
  3. Presence indicates past infection
52
Q

IgM (2)

A
  1. First antibody produced = acute infection

2. Tends to remain in blood stream

53
Q

IgA (2)

A
  1. Guards mucosal membranes

2. Secreted in breast milk

54
Q

IgE (2)

A
  1. Anaphylaxis

2. Attaches to Basophils and Mast Cells

55
Q

Complement (2)

A

Free circulating proteins

Poke holes in cells causing them to lyse

56
Q

Platelets are _______. They are stored in the _______. And their lifespan is _______.

A

Flat, spleen, short.

57
Q

Platelets have ________on their surface that allows them to ________. _________ made in liver. Liver disease usually leads to low_____

A

Glycoproteins, adhere, platelet count.

58
Q

Platelet Count:

A

> 800K can be associated with increased risk of clotting (STROKES)
50K no problem
30-50K increased risk of bleeding
10-30K severely increased risk of bleeding.
<10K severe risk, transfuse 1 unit platelets

59
Q

A patients coaguable state is determined via a balance of _______count. The extent of ______damage. Availability of ________factors.

A

platelet, tissue, clotting

Hematology (3 decks)

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