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DENT 316 - Pediatric Dentistry > Intro to Growth and Development > Flashcards

Intro to Growth and Development Flashcards

1
Q

5 parameters of physical growth and development

A
  • Height/linear growth
  • Weight
  • Bone age
  • Dental age
  • Sexual maturity rating (from pre-pubscence to sexual maturity)
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2
Q

10 factors affecting growth and development

A
  • Heredity
  • Nutrition
  • Prematurity
  • Trauma during antenatal, natal and postnatal periods
  • Infections
  • Chromosomal abnormalities
  • Congenital malformations
  • Chronic disease (i.e. renal, cardiac, endocrine)
  • Socioeconomic conditions
  • Cultural factors
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3
Q

How is mental development measured

A

By intelligence tests based on verbal and performance skills and milestones

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4
Q

Define personality development

A

The total organization or patterning of the individual characteristics, their way of thinking, feeling and behaving that comprise their uniqeu ways of relating and adapting to the environment

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5
Q

8 stages of emotional development

A
  1. Development of basic trust
  2. Development of autonomy
  3. Development of initiative
  4. Mastery of skills
  5. Development of personal identity
  6. Development of intimacy
  7. Guidance of next generation
  8. Attainment of integrity
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6
Q

Age range of development of basic trust

A

Birth to 18 months

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7
Q

Age range of development of autonomy

A

18 months to 3 years

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8
Q

Age range of development of initiative

A

3 to 6 years

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9
Q

Age range of mastery of skills

A

7 - 11 years

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10
Q

Age range of development of personal identity

A

12 - 17 years

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11
Q

Age range of development of intimacy

A

Young adult

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12
Q

Type of changes associated with growth

A

Quantitative changes

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13
Q

Type of changes associated with development

A

Functional changes

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14
Q

Type of changes associated with maturation

A

Qualitative changes

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15
Q

7 periods of growth

A
  1. Antenatal
  2. Natal
  3. Post-natal
    1. Infancy
    2. Toddler or preschool
    3. School age
    4. Prepubertal period
    5. Adolescence
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16
Q

Duration of antenatal growth period

A

Average 40 weeks

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17
Q

Duration of natal growth period

A

Few hours to 1 - 2 days

NOTE: many life threatening events can occur

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18
Q

Define the infancy growth period

A
  • Birth to 2 years
  • First month = neonatal
  • Rate of growth falls steadily during first 2 years and levels off
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19
Q

Define the toddler/preschool growth period

A
  • 2 - 4 years
  • Rate of growth slow and steady
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20
Q

Define the school age growth period

A
  • 4 - 10 years (girls)
  • 4 - 12 years (boys)
  • Continued slow, steady growth
  • Terminates when physical maturation begins to quicken along with sexual development
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21
Q

Define the prepubertal growth period

A
  • 10 - 12 years (girls)
  • 12 - 14 years (boys)
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22
Q

Define adolescence

A
  • Increase in growth rate
  • Tapers off as sexual maturity is reached (16 in girls, 18 in boys)
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23
Q

Average birth weight

A

3.5 kg

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24
Q

Pattern of weight gain during childhood

A

Annual weight gain is approximately 2kg between 2 years and puberty

  • 1 year = 10 kg
  • 5 years = 20 kg
  • 10 years = 30 kg
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25
Q

Average height at birth

A

20 inches

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26
Q

Pattern of height increase during childhood

A

Annual height increase 2 - 3 inches between age 4 and puberty

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27
Q

4 types of growth in the craniofacial complex

A
  • Cranial vault
  • Cranial base
  • Maxilla
  • Mandible
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28
Q

3 skeletal growth theories

A
  • Bone - primary determinant
  • Cartilage - primary determinant
  • Soft tissue matrix
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29
Q

3 primary growth sites of craniofacial complex and the type of growth associated

A
  • Cranium - sutures and synchondroses
  • Mid-face - sutures and cartilaginous
  • Mandible - condylar growth and intramembranous
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30
Q

3 embryological stages of dental development

A
  1. Neural crest cells
  2. Dental lamina
  3. Components of tooth bud
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31
Q

8 morphologic dental development stages

A
  1. Dental lamina
  2. Bud stage
  3. Cap stage
  4. Bell stage
  5. Advanced bell stage
  6. Hertwig’s epithelial root sheath
  7. Enamel pearls
  8. Formation of enamel and dentin matrices
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32
Q

5 histophysiological stages of dental development

A
  1. Initiation
  2. Proliferation
  3. Histodifferentiation
  4. Morphodifferentiation
  5. Apposition
  6. Calcification & Maturation
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33
Q

Result of defect in initiation stage

A

Anomalies of tooth number

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34
Q

4 resultant anomalies if there are problems with proliferation

A
  • Size
  • Proportion
  • Number
  • Twinning
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35
Q

Describe the events of histodifferentiation

A

Differentiation of odontoblasts precedes ameloblasts

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36
Q

Resultant anomalies of problems with histodifferentiation

A

Anomalies of enamel and dentin

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37
Q

Describe the events of morphodifferentiation

A

Basic form and relative size established by differential growth

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38
Q

2 resultant anomalies of problems with morphodifferentiation

A

Anomalies of size and shape

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39
Q

Describe the events of apposition

A

Deposition of matrix of hard dental structures

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40
Q

3 anomalies resulting from problems with apposition

A

Anomalies of enamel, dentin and cementum

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41
Q

Describe the events of calcification and maturation

A

Forms the DEJ outward, from incisal to cervical. Includes post-eruption mineralization

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42
Q

Anomalies arising from problems with calcification and maturation

A

Anomalies of mineralization of enamel and dentin

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43
Q

Fetal evelopmental milestone that occurs in 3rd - 6th weeks

A

Major development of face

44
Q

Fetal developmental milestone in 6th week

A

Deciduous tooth buds appear

45
Q

Fetal developmental milestone in 10th to 12th week

A

Fusion of palatal shelves

46
Q

Fetal developmental milestone in 14th week

A

Deciduous teeth begin to calcify

47
Q

Fetal developmental milestone at 14th to 32nd weeks

A

Reflexes develop

48
Q

Developmental milestone at birth

A

Permanent teeth begin to calcify

49
Q

6 functions of primary teeth

A
  • Chewing
  • Speaking
  • Appearance
  • Guide for the permanent dentition
  • Arch length maintenance
  • Influence of general health
50
Q

Sequence of eruption of primary dentition

A

ABDCE

51
Q

Sequence of eruption of permanent maxillary teeth

A

61245378

52
Q

Sequence of eruption of permanent mandibular dentition

A

61234578

53
Q

Initiation and calcification of primary central incisors IU

A

Initiation = 6 weeks

Calcification = 14 weeks

54
Q

Initiation and calcification of primary 1st molar in weeks IU

A

Initiation = 6 weeks

Calcification = 15 weeks

55
Q

Initiation and calcification of primary lateral incisors in weeks IU

A

Initiation = 6 weeks

Calcification = 16 weeks

56
Q

Initiation and calcification of primary canine in weeks IU

A

Initiation = 7 weeks

Calcification = 17 weeks

57
Q

Initiation and calcification of primary second molar in weeks IU

A

Initiation = 8 weeks

Calcification = 19 weeks

58
Q

Sequence of calcification of primary dentition

A

ADBCE

59
Q

Sequence of calcification of cusps of posterior teeth

A

MB, ML, DB, DL

60
Q

Time between crown completion and eruption to full occlusion

A

5 years

61
Q

Upper arch eruption of primary teeth in months

A
62
Q

Lower arch eruption of primary teeth

A
63
Q

Permanent teeth that initiate at 5 months IU

A
  • Central
  • Lateral
  • Cuspid
  • First bicuspid
64
Q

Initiation time for permanent second bicuspid

A

10 months PP

65
Q

Initiation time for permanent first molar

A

20 weeks IU

66
Q

Initiation time for permanent second molar

A

12 months PP

67
Q

Initiation time of third molar

A

5 years PP

68
Q

Calcification time of upper and lower permanent first molars

A

Both at birth

69
Q

Calcification time of upper and lower permanent central incisors

A

both 3-4 months

70
Q

Calcification time of upper and lower permanent cuspids

A

Both 4 - 5 months

71
Q

Calcification times of upper and lower permanent lateral incisors

A

Upper = 10 - 12 mo

Lower = 3 - 4 mo

72
Q

Calcification times of upper and lower permanent first bicuspids

A

Upper = 1.5 - 1.7 yrs

Lower = 1.7 - 2 yrs

73
Q

Calcification times of upper and lower permanent second bicuspids

A

Upper = 2 - 2.2 yrs

Lower = 2.2 - 2.5 yrs

74
Q

Calcification times of upper and lower permanent second molars

A

Both 2.5 - 3 yrs

75
Q

Calcification times of upper and lower permanent third molars

A

Upper = 8 yrs

Lower = 9 yrs

76
Q

Upper arch eruption of permanent teeth (in years)

A
77
Q

Lower arch eruption of permanent teeth

A
78
Q

Length of time for root completion of primary teeth

A

18 months post eruption

79
Q

Length of time for root completion of permanent teeth

A

3 years post eruption

80
Q

Effect of low birthweight and prematurity on permanent tooth eruption

A

Delayed eruption

81
Q

Effect of primary tooth loss before age 5

A

Delay premolar

82
Q

Effect of primary tooth loss after age 8

A

Accelerate premolar

83
Q

4 clinical guides for permanent tooth eruption

A
  • Root development
  • Overlying bone
  • Infection
  • Timing of primary tooth loss
84
Q

4 local causes for delated primary exfoliation and primary eruption

A
  • Trauma
  • Impaction
  • Ankylosis
  • Supernumaries
85
Q

4 examples of systemic conditions that delay primary exfoliation and permanent eruption

A
  • Cleidocranial dysplasia
  • Osteogenesis imperfecta
  • Down syndrome
  • Low birth weight
86
Q

Local cause of accelerated eruption of primary and permanent teeth

A

Early loss of primary tooth (closer to normal time of permanent tooth eruption; too early = delayed)

87
Q

3 examples of systemic conditions that cause accelerated eruption of primary and permanent teeth

A
  • Hemifacial hypertrophy
  • Hyperthyroidism
  • Precocious puberty
88
Q

2 toxicities causing premature exfoliation of primary teeth

A
  • Mercury poisoning
  • Radiation
89
Q

6 metabolic errors causing premature exfoliation of primary teeth

A
  • Scurvy
  • Chediak Higashi Disease
  • Acatalasia
  • Hypophosphatasia
  • Juvenile diabetes
  • Gaucher’s Disease
90
Q

3 malignancies causing premature exfoliation of primary teeth

A
  • Leukemia
  • Neutropenia
  • Histiocytosis
91
Q

3 dental issues causing premature exfoliation of primary teeth

A
  • Dentin dysplasia
  • Periodontosis
  • Papillon-Lefevre
92
Q

Bone disease causing premature exfoliation of primary teeth

A

Fibrous dysplasia

93
Q

2 deviations in growth and development causing premature exfoliation of primary teeth

A
  • Hemihypertrophy
  • Premature teeth
94
Q

2 physical and chemical injuries causing premature exfoliation of primary teeth

A
  • Acrodynia
  • Facial burns
95
Q

5 aspects of the anatomy of primary teeth

A
  • Height of contour, proximal contact is more gingival
  • Contact broader bucco-lingually
  • Bucco-lingual convexities (bulbous)
  • Mesio-distal convexities
  • Overal dimensions smaller
96
Q

6 characteristics of the crowns of primary teeth

A
  • Shorter
  • Narrower occlusal table
  • Constricted in the cervical portion
  • Thinner enamel and dentin layers
  • Ename rods in the cervical area directed occlusally
  • Color lighter
97
Q

Define Baume spaces

A

Generalized spaces between teeth allowing for space for permanent dentition and space to clean (less caries)

98
Q

Define primate spaces

A
  • Mesial to maxillary canines
  • Distal to mandibular canines
99
Q

Define leeway space

A
  • Size differential between primary and permanent molars
  • Permanent bicuspids are smaller than D+E (0-4 mm difference)
  • 2.5 mm in mandible, 1.6 mm in maxilla (per side)
  • NOTE: A lot of leeway space in mandible is lost due to mesial movement of 6’s
100
Q

Define mesial step

A
  • Molar class in primary dentition usually allowing for Class I permanent molar relationship (can also lead to Cl III)
  • If distal surface of lower E is mesial to upper E
101
Q

Define flush terminal plane (straight, end-on)

A

Molar classification in primary dentition where there is equal distribution between Cl I and CL II in permanent dentition

102
Q

Define distal step

A

Molar classification in primary dentition resulting usually in Cl II in permanent dentition

103
Q

Ideal incisor relationship parameters

A
  • Overbite = 2 mm (30%)
  • Overjet = 0 - 3 mm
104
Q

4 parameters of the ideal primary dentition occlusion

A
  • Flush terminal plane or mesial step and class I canines
  • Baume spacing and primate spacing
  • 2 mm overjet
  • 2 mm overbite (30%)
105
Q

How does early mesial shift of permanent molars occur

A

Closure of generalized spacing in primary dentition. Closure of primate spaces also contributes

106
Q

When does late mesial shift of permanent molars occur

A
  • When 2nd primary molars exfoliate.
  • Permanent molar shifts mesially.
  • Growth of mandible

DENT 316 - Pediatric Dentistry (2 decks)

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