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Geohazards > Intro to Geohazards > Flashcards

Intro to Geohazards Flashcards

1
Q

Hazard vs Risk

A

Hazard - a process/phenomenon that may pose a threat to human lives and/or properties

Risk - The potential loss of life, injury, or destroyed or damaged assets which could occur to a system, society or a community in a specific period of time, determined probabilistically as a function of hazard, exposure, vulnerability and capacity (UNDRR, 2020).

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2
Q

Hazard vs Disaster

A

Hazard - a process/phenomenon that may pose a threat to human lives and/or properties

Disaster - Consequence of hazard ; A serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society at any scale due to hazardous events interacting with conditions of exposure, vulnerability and capacity, leading to one or more of the following: human, material, economic and environmental losses and impacts (UNDRR, 2020).

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3
Q

Type of risk wherein the risk is mitigated but not eliminated

A

Acceptable Risk

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4
Q

Inherent type of risk which cannot be removed or eliminated

A

Residual Risk

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5
Q

Disaster triggered by a hazardous event that emerges quickly or unexpectedly; could be associated with, e.g., earthquake, volcanic eruption, flash flood, chemical explosion, critical infrastructure failure, transport accident

A

Sudden-onset disaster

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6
Q

Disaster defined as one that emerges gradually
over time; could be associated with, e.g.,
drought, desertification, sea-level rise, epidemic disease

A

Slow-onset disaster

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7
Q

The tendency of an area to undergo the effects of hazards.

A

Susceptibility

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8
Q

It is the ability of a population to cope and/or prepare to the
effects or impacts of a particular hazard

A

Adaptive Capacity

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9
Q

The degree or inability to resist to the effects/impacts of hazard or to respond when a disaster has occurred. It is a function of exposure/ susceptibility, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity.

A

Vulnerability

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10
Q

Do hazards always lead to
disaster?

A

No. Disasters can be prevented through mitigation measures, effective communication and DRRR management.

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11
Q

5 most prevalent geologic hazards in the Philippines

A

Volcanic Eruption
Flooding
Earthquakes
Tsunami
Mass Wasting

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12
Q

True or false: While the risk from natural hazards cannot be eliminated, it can, in some cases, be understood in such a way that we can minimize the hazard to humans, and thus minimize the risk.

A

True

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13
Q

Notable disasters in the Philippines

A
  1. Marcopper Tailings spill - March 24, 1996
  2. M8.1 Moro Gulf Earthquake - Aug 17, 1976
  3. M7.8 Luzon Earthquake - July 16, 1990
  4. Pinatubo Eruption - June 15, 1991
  5. Typhoon Pablo - December 4, 2012
  6. M7.2 Bohol Earthquake - October 15, 2013
  7. Typhoon Yolanda - November 8, 2013
  8. October 2019 Mindanao (Tulunan, Cotabato) Earthquakes: M6.3 Oct 16, M6.6 and 6.1 Oct 29, M6.5 Oct 31
  9. Taal Eruption - January 12, 2020
  10. COVID-19 - 66K+ deaths in the PH, 4.1M total cases

Recent: Supertyphoon Goring (Saola)

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14
Q

Formula for Risk

A

Risk = (probability that the hazard will happen) x (expected impacts)

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15
Q

Geological processes or phenomenon that may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihoods and services, social and economic disruption, or environmental damage

A

Geohazards

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16
Q

Enumerate Atmospheric/ Hydrometeorologic Hazards

A

Typhoons
Tornadoes
Lightning and Thunderstorms
Droughts
El Nino and La Nina

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17
Q

Enumerate Other Natural Hazards

A

Insect Infestations
Disease/Viruses
Wildfires

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18
Q

These are hazards that occur as a result of human interaction with the environment

A

Anthropogenic Hazards

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19
Q

These hazards occur due to exposure to hazardous substances, such as radon, mercury, asbestos fibers, and coal dust

A

Technological Hazards

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20
Q

Effects of hazard that occur as a result of the process itself.
For example water damage due to a flood, and
collapse of buildings due to an earthquake,
landslide, typhoon, or tornado

A

Primary Effects

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21
Q

Effects of hazard that occur only because a primary effect has caused them. For example, fires ignited by earthquakes or volcanic eruptions, disruption of electrical power and water service as a result of an earthquake or flood, and flooding caused by a landslide moving into a lake or river.

A

Secondary Effects

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22
Q

Long-term effects that are set off as a result of a primary event. These include things like loss of habitat caused by a flood, permanent changes in the position of river channel caused by flood, crop failure caused by a volcanic eruption etc.

A

Tertiary Effects

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23
Q

What do Hazard Assessments determine?

A
  • When and where hazardous processes have occurred in the past
  • The severity of the physical effects
    the frequency of occurrence
  • Making all this information available
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24
Q

What do Risk Assessments determine?

A
  • Involves not only the assessment of hazards from a scientific point of view, but also the socio-economic impacts of a hazardous event
  • location of buildings, highways, and other infrastructure in the areas subject to hazards
  • potential exposure
  • vulnerability of the community
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25
Prediction vs Forecasting
Prediction - A statement of probability that an event will occur based on scientific observation; involves monitoring of the process in order to identify some kind of precursor event(s) Forecast - making predictions based on past and present data
26
A statement that a high probability of a hazardous event will occur, based on a prediction or forecast. Once issued, normal routines of life should be altered to deal with the danger imposed by the imminent event.
Warning
27
Conditions of PAGASA in issuing a "red" rainfall warning
>30mm rain within an hour and in the next two hours
28
Conditions of PAGASA in issuing a "orange" rainfall warning
15-30mm rain within an hour and in the next two hours
29
Conditions of PAGASA in issuing a "yellow" rainfall warning
∼15mm rain within an hour and in the next two hours
30
Effectiveness of a warning
- Timeliness - Effective communication and public information systems - The credibility of the sources
31
Agencies that provide warning systems
- PHIVOLCS - NDRRMC - DENR - MGB - PAGASA
32
Responsibilities of Scientists and Engineers
Hazard Assessment Prediction Reduction of Risk Early Warning Communication
33
Responsibilities of Public Officials
Risk Assessment Planning and Code Enforcement Early Warning Response Communication
34
Responsibilities of Citizens
Understanding of Hazards Understanding of Early Warning Systems Communication
35
It is the transition zone between SIAL and SIMA
Conrad Discontinuity
35
Discontinuity between upper and lower mantle
Repetti
36
Discontinuity between inner and outer core
Lehmann
37
Composed largely of dark-colored, mafic rocks enriched in MgO, FeO and CaO relative to average crust.
Oceanic Crust
38
Enumerate the ophiolite sequence
Layer 1: sedimentary carapace Layer 2a - pillow basalts Layer 2b - sheeted dikes, Layer 3 - gabbro Layer 4 - mantle peridotites
39
“granitic” in composition, enriched in K2O, Na2O and SiO2 relative to average crust
Continental Crust
40
The great age of some continental crust results from its relative buoyancy
Airy and Pratt's Isostasy
41
It is a mantle convection model which suggests that cold oceanic lithosphere sinks to great depths and stirs the entire mantle; the ultimate burial ground for subducting slabs is the core, mantle boundary. This downward flow is balanced by buoyantly rising mantle plumes that transport hot material toward the surface
Whole-Mantle Convection Model
42
Model asserting that the mantle has two disconnected convective layers: a dynamic upper layer and a sluggish lower layer.
Layered Cake Model
43
The uppermost part of the mantle and the crust together constitute the relatively rigid _______, which is strong enough to rupture in response to stress.
Lithosphere
44
Chemical formula of Olivine
[Fe, Mg]2SiO4
45
Major Minerals in the Mesosphere (lower mantle)
Perovskite and Periclase Magnesiowusite Ilmenite Stishovite (densest) Ferrite
46
What do you call the core– mantle boundary?
D″ layer. [Identified through ultra-low velocity zone (ULVZ) in the lowermost mantle on seismic evidence]
47
An event that allowed greater, more rapid movement of Earth’s molten, rocky material wherein relatively buoyant material, such as silicates, water, and even air, stayed close to the planet’s exterior which became the early mantle and crust while droplets of iron, nickel, and other heavy metals gravitated to the center of Earth, becoming the early core.
Iron Catastrophe or Great Iron Catastrophe
48
3 Heat Sources of the Earth
1. Residual heat from Earth's formation 2. Frictional heating 3. Decay of radioactive elements
49
Chemical formula of Covellite
CuS
50
Geochemical classification which groups the chemical elements within the Earth according to their preferred host phases
Goldschmidt classification
51
What are HREEs, LREEs, HFSEs, and LFSEs?
LREE (Light Rare Earth Elements) - have in common increasing unpaired electrons HREE (Heavy Rare Earth Elements) - have paired electrons (a clockwise and counter-clockwise spinning electron). LFSE (Low Field Strength Element) or LILE (Large Ion Lithophile Elements) - usually end up enriched in the crust (also lithosphere). HFSE (High Field Strength Elements) - enriched in the crust (eventually) but their name derives from their small radius compared to their high cationic charge: the z/r ratio. As a result, their bonding to nearby anions is very strong, that is - they have a high electrical field strength.
52
What mineral is predominantly ionic but has a covalent component? a. Halite b. Diamond c. Galena
a. Halite
53
What are the 3 primary minerals in granite?
Quartz, Hornblende, K-Felds
54
What are the two main minerals in diorite?
Plagioclase Feldspar and Hornblende or Biotite
55
Elemental abundance in the crust
O - 46.6% Si - 27.7% Al - 8.1% Fe - 5% Ca - 3.6% Na - 2.8% K - 2.6% Mg - 2.1%
56
Otherwise known as non-ferromagnesian silicates
Na-Ca Felds K-Felds Qtz
57
Otherwise known as ferromagnesian silicates
Px Amphi
58
Non-silicates include:
Oxides Carbonates Sulfides/sulfates Native elements
59
No energy or matter leaks out of system & none comes in. e.g. the Universe as a finite entity
Isolated system
60
Energy may transfer into and out of the system, but not mass e.g. the Earth as a whole
Closed system
61
Matter and energy may flow into and out of the system freely; energy and mass transfer functions
Open system
62
Type of water that is held in hydrous minerals and pore spaces
Connate water
63
Type of water that is associated with magma production and the rock cycle.
juvenile water
64
%Olivine in peridotite
40%

Geohazards (1 decks)

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