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Geohazards > Intro to Geohazards > Flashcards

Intro to Geohazards Flashcards

1
Q

Hazard vs Risk

A

Hazard - a process/phenomenon that may pose a threat to human lives and/or properties

Risk - The potential loss of life, injury, or destroyed or damaged assets which could occur to a system, society or a community in a specific period of time, determined probabilistically as a function of hazard, exposure, vulnerability and capacity (UNDRR, 2020).

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2
Q

Hazard vs Disaster

A

Hazard - a process/phenomenon that may pose a threat to human lives and/or properties

Disaster - Consequence of hazard ; A serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society at any scale due to hazardous events interacting with conditions of exposure, vulnerability and capacity, leading to one or more of the following: human, material, economic and environmental losses and impacts (UNDRR, 2020).

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3
Q

Type of risk wherein the risk is mitigated but not eliminated

A

Acceptable Risk

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4
Q

Inherent type of risk which cannot be removed or eliminated

A

Residual Risk

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5
Q

Disaster triggered by a hazardous event that emerges quickly or unexpectedly; could be associated with, e.g., earthquake, volcanic eruption, flash flood, chemical explosion, critical infrastructure failure, transport accident

A

Sudden-onset disaster

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6
Q

Disaster defined as one that emerges gradually
over time; could be associated with, e.g.,
drought, desertification, sea-level rise, epidemic disease

A

Slow-onset disaster

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7
Q

The tendency of an area to undergo the effects of hazards.

A

Susceptibility

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8
Q

It is the ability of a population to cope and/or prepare to the
effects or impacts of a particular hazard

A

Adaptive Capacity

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9
Q

The degree or inability to resist to the effects/impacts of hazard or to respond when a disaster has occurred. It is a function of exposure/ susceptibility, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity.

A

Vulnerability

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10
Q

Do hazards always lead to
disaster?

A

No. Disasters can be prevented through mitigation measures, effective communication and DRRR management.

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11
Q

5 most prevalent geologic hazards in the Philippines

A

Volcanic Eruption
Flooding
Earthquakes
Tsunami
Mass Wasting

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12
Q

True or false: While the risk from natural hazards cannot be eliminated, it can, in some cases, be understood in such a way that we can minimize the hazard to humans, and thus minimize the risk.

A

True

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13
Q

Notable disasters in the Philippines

A
  1. Marcopper Tailings spill - March 24, 1996
  2. M8.1 Moro Gulf Earthquake - Aug 17, 1976
  3. M7.8 Luzon Earthquake - July 16, 1990
  4. Pinatubo Eruption - June 15, 1991
  5. Typhoon Pablo - December 4, 2012
  6. M7.2 Bohol Earthquake - October 15, 2013
  7. Typhoon Yolanda - November 8, 2013
  8. October 2019 Mindanao (Tulunan, Cotabato) Earthquakes: M6.3 Oct 16, M6.6 and 6.1 Oct 29, M6.5 Oct 31
  9. Taal Eruption - January 12, 2020
  10. COVID-19 - 66K+ deaths in the PH, 4.1M total cases

Recent: Supertyphoon Goring (Saola)

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14
Q

Formula for Risk

A

Risk = (probability that the hazard will happen) x (expected impacts)

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15
Q

Geological processes or phenomenon that may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihoods and services, social and economic disruption, or environmental damage

A

Geohazards

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16
Q

Enumerate Atmospheric/ Hydrometeorologic Hazards

A

Typhoons
Tornadoes
Lightning and Thunderstorms
Droughts
El Nino and La Nina

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17
Q

Enumerate Other Natural Hazards

A

Insect Infestations
Disease/Viruses
Wildfires

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18
Q

These are hazards that occur as a result of human interaction with the environment

A

Anthropogenic Hazards

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19
Q

These hazards occur due to exposure to hazardous substances, such as radon, mercury, asbestos fibers, and coal dust

A

Technological Hazards

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20
Q

Effects of hazard that occur as a result of the process itself.
For example water damage due to a flood, and
collapse of buildings due to an earthquake,
landslide, typhoon, or tornado

A

Primary Effects

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21
Q

Effects of hazard that occur only because a primary effect has caused them. For example, fires ignited by earthquakes or volcanic eruptions, disruption of electrical power and water service as a result of an earthquake or flood, and flooding caused by a landslide moving into a lake or river.

A

Secondary Effects

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22
Q

Long-term effects that are set off as a result of a primary event. These include things like loss of habitat caused by a flood, permanent changes in the position of river channel caused by flood, crop failure caused by a volcanic eruption etc.

A

Tertiary Effects

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23
Q

What do Hazard Assessments determine?

A
  • When and where hazardous processes have occurred in the past
  • The severity of the physical effects
    the frequency of occurrence
  • Making all this information available
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24
Q

What do Risk Assessments determine?

A
  • Involves not only the assessment of hazards from a scientific point of view, but also the socio-economic impacts of a hazardous event
  • location of buildings, highways, and other infrastructure in the areas subject to hazards
  • potential exposure
  • vulnerability of the community
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25
Q

Prediction vs Forecasting

A

Prediction
- A statement of probability that an event will occur based on scientific observation; involves monitoring of the process in order to identify some kind of precursor event(s)

Forecast
- making predictions based on past and present data

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26
Q

A statement that a high probability of a hazardous event
will occur, based on a prediction or forecast. Once issued, normal routines of life should be altered to deal with the danger imposed by the imminent event.

A

Warning

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27
Q

Conditions of PAGASA in issuing a “red” rainfall warning

A

> 30mm rain within an hour and in the next two hours

28
Q

Conditions of PAGASA in issuing a “orange” rainfall warning

A

15-30mm rain within an hour and in the next two hours

29
Q

Conditions of PAGASA in issuing a “yellow” rainfall warning

A

∼15mm rain within an hour and in the next two hours

30
Q

Effectiveness of a warning

A
  • Timeliness
  • Effective communication and public information systems
  • The credibility of the sources
31
Q

Agencies that provide warning systems

A
  • PHIVOLCS
  • NDRRMC
  • DENR - MGB
  • PAGASA
32
Q

Responsibilities of Scientists and Engineers

A

Hazard Assessment
Prediction
Reduction of Risk
Early Warning
Communication

33
Q

Responsibilities of Public Officials

A

Risk Assessment
Planning and Code Enforcement
Early Warning
Response
Communication

34
Q

Responsibilities of Citizens

A

Understanding of Hazards
Understanding of Early Warning Systems
Communication

35
Q

It is the transition zone between
SIAL and SIMA

A

Conrad Discontinuity

35
Q

Discontinuity between upper and lower mantle

A

Repetti

36
Q

Discontinuity between inner and outer core

A

Lehmann

37
Q

Composed largely of dark-colored, mafic rocks enriched in MgO, FeO and CaO relative to average crust.

A

Oceanic Crust

38
Q

Enumerate the ophiolite sequence

A

Layer 1: sedimentary carapace
Layer 2a - pillow basalts
Layer 2b - sheeted dikes,
Layer 3 - gabbro
Layer 4 - mantle peridotites

39
Q

“granitic” in composition,
enriched in K2O, Na2O and SiO2
relative to average crust

A

Continental Crust

40
Q

The great age of some continental crust results from its relative buoyancy

A

Airy and Pratt’s Isostasy

41
Q

It is a mantle convection model which suggests that cold oceanic lithosphere sinks to great depths and stirs the entire mantle; the ultimate burial ground for subducting slabs is the core, mantle boundary. This downward flow is balanced by buoyantly rising mantle plumes that transport hot material toward the surface

A

Whole-Mantle Convection Model

42
Q

Model asserting that the mantle has two disconnected convective layers: a dynamic upper layer and a sluggish lower layer.

A

Layered Cake Model

43
Q

The uppermost part of the mantle and the crust together constitute the relatively rigid _______, which is strong enough to rupture in response to stress.

A

Lithosphere

44
Q

Chemical formula of Olivine

A

[Fe, Mg]2SiO4

45
Q

Major Minerals in the Mesosphere (lower mantle)

A

Perovskite and Periclase
Magnesiowusite
Ilmenite
Stishovite (densest)
Ferrite

46
Q

What do you call the core– mantle
boundary?

A

D″ layer. [Identified through ultra-low velocity zone (ULVZ) in the lowermost mantle on seismic evidence]

47
Q

An event that allowed greater, more rapid movement of Earth’s molten, rocky material wherein relatively buoyant material, such as silicates, water, and even air, stayed close to the planet’s exterior which became the early mantle and crust while droplets of iron, nickel, and other heavy metals gravitated to the center of Earth, becoming the early core.

A

Iron Catastrophe or Great Iron Catastrophe

48
Q

3 Heat Sources of the Earth

A
  1. Residual heat from Earth’s formation
  2. Frictional heating
  3. Decay of radioactive elements
49
Q

Chemical formula of Covellite

A

CuS

50
Q

Geochemical classification which groups the chemical elements within the Earth according to their preferred host phases

A

Goldschmidt classification

51
Q

What are HREEs, LREEs, HFSEs, and LFSEs?

A

LREE (Light Rare Earth Elements) - have in common increasing unpaired electrons

HREE (Heavy Rare Earth Elements) - have paired electrons (a clockwise and counter-clockwise spinning electron).

LFSE (Low Field Strength Element) or LILE (Large Ion Lithophile Elements) - usually end up enriched in the crust (also lithosphere).

HFSE (High Field Strength Elements) - enriched in the crust (eventually) but their name derives from their small radius compared to their high cationic charge: the z/r ratio. As a result, their bonding to nearby anions is very strong, that is - they have a high electrical field strength.

52
Q

What mineral is predominantly ionic but has a covalent component?
a. Halite
b. Diamond
c. Galena

A

a. Halite

53
Q

What are the 3 primary minerals in granite?

A

Quartz, Hornblende, K-Felds

54
Q

What are the two main minerals in diorite?

A

Plagioclase Feldspar and Hornblende or Biotite

55
Q

Elemental abundance in the crust

A

O - 46.6%
Si - 27.7%
Al - 8.1%
Fe - 5%
Ca - 3.6%
Na - 2.8%
K - 2.6%
Mg - 2.1%

56
Q

Otherwise known as non-ferromagnesian silicates

A

Na-Ca Felds
K-Felds
Qtz

57
Q

Otherwise known as ferromagnesian silicates

A

Px
Amphi

58
Q

Non-silicates include:

A

Oxides
Carbonates
Sulfides/sulfates
Native elements

59
Q

No energy or matter leaks out of system & none comes in.
e.g. the Universe as a finite entity

A

Isolated system

60
Q

Energy may transfer into and out of the system, but not mass
e.g. the Earth as a whole

A

Closed system

61
Q

Matter and energy may flow into and out of the system freely; energy and mass transfer functions

A

Open system

62
Q

Type of water that is held in hydrous minerals and pore spaces

A

Connate water

63
Q

Type of water that is associated with magma production and the rock cycle.

A

juvenile water

64
Q

%Olivine in peridotite

A

40%

Geohazards (1 decks)

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