Intro to gen path Flashcards
– Cells work together in functionally related groups called ___
tissues
4 Types of tissues:
- Epithelial – lining and covering
- Connective – support
- Muscle – movement
- Nervous – control
General Characteristics & Functions
* Covers a body surface or lines a body cavity
* Forms most glands
Epithelial Tissue
4 Functions of epithelium
– Protection
– Absorption, secretion, and ion transport
– Filtration
– Forms slippery surfaces
- Most diverse and abundant tissue
Connective Tissue
Main classes of Connective Tissue
– Connective tissue proper
- Blood (Fluid connective tissue)
- Cartilage ( Supporting connective tissue)
– Bone tissue (Supporting connective tissue)
- Components of connective tissue:
– Cells (varies according to tissue)
– Matrix
Protein fibers (varies according to tissue)
Ground substance (varies according to tissue)
Common embryonic origin of connective tissue
mesenchyme
Cells found in connective tissue proper
– Fibroblasts
– Macrophages, lymphocytes (antibody producing cells)
– Adipocytes (fat cells)
– Mast cells
– Stem cells
3 Fibers of Connective Tissue
– Collagen
– Elastic
– Reticular
very strong & abundant, long & straight
Collagen
– branching fibers with a wavy appearance (when
relaxed)
Elastic
– form a network of fibers that form a supportive framework in soft organs (i.e. __ and __)
Reticular
- Spleen & liver
– Along with fibers, fills the extracellular space
– helps determine functionality of tissue
Ground substance
Connective Tissue Proper -
Classifications
Loose Connective Tissue
Dense Connective Tissue
Loose Connective Tissue
– Areolar
– Reticular
– Adipose
Dense Connective Tissue
– Regular
– Irregular
– Elastic
adipose tissue
White adipose tissue (WAT)
Brown adipose tissue (BAT)
is largely composed of
unilocular lipid-filled
adipocytes that specialize in
lipid storage,
White adipose tissue (WAT)
is largely composed of
multilocular adipocytes that
specialize in lipid burning
- Brown adipose tissue (BAT)
Muscle Tissue
* Types
–Skeletal muscle tissue
–Cardiac muscle tissue
–Smooth muscle tissue
Characteristics
– Long, cylindrical cells
– Multinucleate
– Obvious striations
* Function
– Voluntary movement
– Facial expression
Location
attached to bones (occasionally to skin)
Skeletal Muscle Tissue
- Function
– Contracts to propel blood into circulatory system - Characteristics
– Branching cells
– Uni-nucleate
– Intercalated discs - Location
– Occurs in walls of heart
Cardiac Muscle Tissue
- Characteristics
– Spindle-shaped cells with
central nuclei
– Arranged closely to form
sheets
– No striations - Function
– Propels substances along
internal passageways
– Involuntary control - Location
– Mostly walls of hollow organs
Smooth Muscle Tissue
- is composed of
neurons supported by
a framework of glial
cells and microglia
– Processes of these
cells combine to form
a delicate fibrillary
background termed
“___”
Nervous Tissue
- neuropil
receive and transmit electrical signals
neurons
surround the neurons and provide support and insulation bet them
glial cells
wrap the axons of neurons with multiple layers of their own cell membrane.
oligodendrocytes
lines the ventricles and central canal of the brain and spinal cord
ependymal cells
are the major phagocytic cells in CNS
Microglia
- It involves the investigation of the causes of disease and the associated changes at
the levels of cells, tissues, and organs,
– which in turn give rise to the presenting signs and symptoms of the patient.
PATHOLOGY
study (logos) of disease (pathos,
suffering)
- any disturbance / abnormal variation in the structure and/or function of the body.
- Every disease is associated with
dysfunction at the level of the organ, cell, or organelle
DISEASE
These are hereditary
factors that are inherited
genetically from parents.
Genetic Factors
Physical agents
- trauma, radiation,
extremes of temperature,
and electric power
- are metabolized in ___ and
excreted in __, - as a result, these organs
are susceptible to injury
chemicals
liver
kidney
Nutritional deficiencies and
excesses
- poor supply,
- interference with
absorption, - inefficient transport
within the body, or - defective utilization
Infections and infestations
- Viruses, bacteria, fungi,
protozoa
– This is exaggerated immune
response to an _-.
eg__
- Hypersensitivity reaction
-antigen - bronchial asthma
– This is due to deficiency of a
component of the immune
system which leads to
increased susceptibility to
different diseases.
* __
Immunodeficiency
- AIDS
– abnormal immune reaction
against the self antigens of the
host
Autoimmunity
Immunological factors
Hypersensitivity reaction
Immunodeficiency
Autoimmunity
– The mental
stresses imposed
by conditions of life,
particularly in
technologically
advanced
communities
psychogenic factors
- (causative agents)
Exposure to various risk
factors
- period between
exposure and biological
onset of disease
Latency
- this marks the initiation
of the disease process
Biological onset of disease
- refers to variable period of
time without any obvious
signs or symptoms from the
time of exposure.
incubation (induction) period
- when the signs and
symptoms of the disease
become apparent
The clinical onset of the
disease
the different stages in the
natural history of disease
Exposure to various risk
factors
Latency
Biological onset of disease
Incubation (induction) period
The clinical onset of the
disease
The onset of permanent
damage
Death
is the origin of a disease, including
the underlying causes and modifying factors
– refers to why a disease arises
Etiology
refers to the steps in the
development of disease.
Pathogenesis
refer to the structural
alterations in cells or tissues
that occur following the
pathogenetic mechanisms.
Morphologic changes
* Gross MORPHOLOGIC
CHANGES
* MICROSCOPIC CHANGes
Functional derangements and
clinical significance determine the __, __ and __
clinical features, course, and
prognosis of the disease.
– any indication of a disease perceived by the patient
Symptoms
– objective findings noticed by the doctor on examination of the patient
Signs
– start of the disease
Onset
- outcome of the disease
Fate
– new disease conditions that may
occur during or after the usual course of the original
disease
complication
Environmental factors
- Physical agents
- Chemicals
- Nutritional deficiencies & excesses
- Infections & infestations
- Immunological factors
- Psychogenic factors
SUBDIVISIONS OF PATHOLOGY
- GROSS PATHOLOGY
- CELLULAR PATHOLOGY
- SURGICAL PATHOLOGY:
- CLINICAL PATHOLOGY:
- IMMUNOPATHOLOGY
refers to macroscopic Manifestations of disease in organs, tissues, and body cavitieS
Gross pathology
is the study of tissues removed from living patients during surgery to help diagnose a disease and
determine a treatment plan
Surgical pathology
are key diagnostic tests in the initial
detection and diagnosis of
cancer and other diseases
supported by modern
molecular techniques.
Cellular Pathology
* Histopathology and
cytopathology
- The science and practice
of medical diagnosis by
laboratory examination
and analysis of tissue
specimens body fluids and
other samples
Clinical Pathology
is a branch of medicine that
deals with immune responses associated with disease
immunopathology
Diagnostic techniques used in Pathology
- Histopathology
- Cytopathology
- Hematopathology
- Immunohistochemistry
- Microbiological examination
- Biochemical examination
- Cytogenetics
- Molecular techniques
- Autopsy
studies
tissues under the
microscope.
* __is a tissue sample
from a living person to
identify the disease.
- can be either
__ or __
Histopathological
techniques
- Biopsy
- incisional or excisional
is the study
of cells from various body
sites to determine the
cause or nature of disease
Cytopathology
Applications of cytopathology
* Screening for the ___
* Diagnosis of __
* Surveillance of __
- early detection of asymptomatic cancer
- symptomatic cancer
-patients treated
for cancer
- This is a method by which
abnormalities of the cells
of the blood and their
precursors in the bone
marrow are investigated
to diagnose the different
kinds of __ and _
Hematological
examination
-anemia & leukemia
combines ,,_techniques for the
identification of specific tissue
components by means of a
specific antigen/antibody
reaction tagged with a visible label
Immunohistochemistry (IHC)
-histological,
immunological and
biochemical
- This is a method by which
body fluids, excised tissue,
etc. are examined by
,,_ to
identify micro-organisms
responsible for many
diseases
Microbiological
examination
- microscopical, cultural and
serological techniques
Division of Pathology
General Pathology
Systemic pathology
- study of the basic reactions of cells and tissues to pathologic stimuli that underlie all diseases
- Common changes in all tissues;
ex ,,_
General Pathology
* E.g. cancer, aging, inflammation
- study of the particular responses of specialized organs and tissues to well-defined stimuli.
- Specific changes in organs;
- E.g. ,,_
Systemic pathology
goiter, pneumonia, breast cancer
- This is a method in which
inherited chromosomal
abnormalities in the germ cells
or acquired chromosomal
abnormalities in somatic cells
are investigated using the
techniques of molecular
biology
clinical genetics
(cytogenetics)
- Different molecular
techniques
–
– __ (can be used to detect
genetic diseases)
– fluorescent in situ
hybridization (FISH)
– Southern blot
is examination of the dead body to identify the cause of death.
This can be for_ or _ purposes
- Autopsy
- forensic or clinical
- This is a method by which the metabolic disturbances of disease are investigated by assay of various normal and abnormal compounds in the blood, urine, etc.
Biochemical examination
It describes how etiologic factors trigger cellular
and molecular changes that give rise to the
specific functional and structural abnormalities
that characterize the disease.
PATHOGENESIS
– describes howa disease develops
PATHOGENESIS
