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Gastroenterology & Nutrition > Intro to Gastroenterology > Flashcards

Intro to Gastroenterology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three main functions of the GI tract?

A
  1. Digestion
  2. Absorption
  3. Elimination
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2
Q

What are the mechanical processes of digestion?

A
  1. Chewing
  2. Gastric churning
  3. To/fro mixing
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3
Q

Which enzymes play the largest role in digestion?

A

Pancreatic Enzymes

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4
Q

What is the main function of proteases and peptidases?

A

Proteases and peptidases split proteins into amino acids.

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5
Q

What is the main function of lipases?

A

Lipases split fat into three fatty acids and glycerol.

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6
Q

What is the main function of carbohydrases?

A

Carbohydrases split CHO into simple sugars.

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7
Q

Name the salivary glands

A
  1. Parotid
  2. Submandibular
  3. Sublingual
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8
Q

What does saliva contain?

A
  1. Mucin
  2. Immunoglobulin A (IgA)
  3. Lingual lipase
  4. Salivary alpha-amylase
  5. Bicarbonate
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9
Q

What is the function of Mucin?

A

Lubricate, make saliva more viscous.

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10
Q

What is the function of IgA?

A

Helps prevent bacterial infection.

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11
Q

What is the function of lingual lipase?

A

Begins fat digestion.

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12
Q

What is the function of salivary alpha-amylase?

A

Breaks down complex carbohydrates to simple sugars.

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13
Q

What is the function of bicarbonate in saliva?

A

Maintains high pH (7.4), protectes tooth enamil, and neutralizes certain bacterial enzymes.

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14
Q

Upper Esophageal Sphincter

A
  • Cricopharyngeal
  • Prevents air from traveling into esophagus during respiration and food from traveling into trachea during swallowing.
  • Voluntary control
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15
Q

Lower Esophageal Sphincter

A
  • Cardiac
  • Involuntary control
  • If patient has GERD - this is not working correctly.
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16
Q

What are the main functions of the stomach?

A
  1. Store food
  2. Mix food with digestive juices
  3. Propel food into the duodenum
  4. Absorption of alcohol and ASA
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17
Q

What stimulates gastric motility and secretion?

A
  1. Stomach distention or vagal nerve stimulation.
  2. Enteric nerve stimulation.
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18
Q

What are the three phases of gastric secretion?

A
  1. Cephalic phase: see food, may begin to taste it, stimulates vagal nerve and acid production.
  2. Gastric phase: food enters the stomach.
  3. Intestinal phase: when chyme moves into the duodenum, negative feedback loop sends signal to turn off acid in stomach.
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19
Q

Parietal Cells

A
  • Secrete HCL and Intrinsic Factor
  • Have receptors for histamine, gastrin and ACH
  • Have receptors for prostaglandins and somatostatin
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20
Q

Chief Cells

A
  • Primarily in fundus of stomach
  • Secrete pepsinogen
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21
Q

G Cells

A
  • Secrete gastrin
  • Stimulated by ingesting food/stomach distention
  • Inhibited by gastric acid secretion
22
Q

Enterochromaffin like cells (ECL)

A
  • Secrete histamine
23
Q

Enterochromaffin Cells

A
  • Secrete serotonin
24
Q

Gastrin

A
  • Produced in response to stomach stretching & exposure to proteins.
  • Stimulates the production of HCL acid and intrinsic factor.
  • Promotes histamine secretion.
25
Q

Mucus

A
  • Protects lining of the stomach.
  • Stimulated by prostaglandins and nitric oxide.
  • Produced by goblet cells
  • AKA Mucin
26
Q

Hydrochloric Acid (HCL)

A
  • Denatures proteins
  • Destories any bacteria or virus that remains in the food
  • Activates pepsinogen into pepsin
  • pH about 2
27
Q

Intrinsic Factor

A
  • Binds vitamin B12 and creates a complex necessary for absorption
28
Q

Pepsinogen

A
  • Main gastric enzyme
  • Breaks down protein into peptides
  • Feedback: an acid pH stimulates somatostatin which inhibits gastrin release and acid secretion for the next phase
29
Q

D Cells

A
  • Found in endocrine cells of gastric mucosa and pancreas
  • HCL stimulates them to secrete somatostatin
30
Q

S Cells

A
  • Localized in duodenum and stimulated by low duodenal pH
  • Produce secretin
31
Q

I Cells

A
  • Located in duodenum and jejunum
  • Synthesize and release cholecystokinin which is stimulated by fatty acids entering the duodenum.
32
Q

What are the main functions of the small intestine?

A
  1. Primary site of digestion/absorption
  2. Convert food into usable energy
33
Q

Where is iron primarily absorbed?

A

In the duodenum.

34
Q

Where is calcium primarily absorbed?

A

In the ileum, but also throughout the small intestine.

35
Q

Where is B12 primarily absorbed?

A

In the ileum.

36
Q

What is produced in the duodenum?

A
  • Motilin
  • Secretin
  • Cholecystokinin
37
Q

Motilin

A
  • Secreted in response to acid entering the duodenum.
  • Increases gastrointestinal motility
38
Q

Secretin

A
  • secreted in response to acidity, gastric chyme
  • decreases gastric motility
  • decreases gastric secretion of HCl
  • stimulates pancreatic alkaline secretion
  • stimulates the liver to release bile
39
Q

Cholecystokinin

A
  • Secreted in response to fat
  • Decreases gastric motlity
  • Involved in contraction of the gallbladder to release bile
  • Stimulates pancreatic alkaline secretion
40
Q

What are the main functions of the large intestine?

A
  • Formation, storage, and evacuation of feces.
41
Q

Haustral Contraction

A
  • Short segmental movements
  • Function to increase contact time for absorption of water and sodium.
42
Q

Mass Movement

A
  • Different than peristalsis
  • Function to propel intestinal contents
  • Occurs several times per day, usually after meals
43
Q

Gastrocolonic Reflex

A
  • Occurs during or after a meal
  • Initiates propulsion through the entire colon
44
Q

Defecation Reflex

A
  • Can be overridden by voluntary control
45
Q

Anatomy of the biliary system

A

liver, pancreas and gallbladder

46
Q

What are the main functions of the biliary system?

A
  • Liver: produce bile
  • Gallbladder: store and release bile
  • Pancreas: secrete digestive enzymes
47
Q

What are the main functions of the liver?

A
  1. Gluconeogenisis
  2. Bile production
  3. Produce albumin and coagulation proteins
  4. Absorb toxic materials
  5. Enterohepatic circulation
48
Q

What are the main functions of the gallbladder?

A
  1. Stores, concentrates, and secretes bile
  2. Contraction is stimulated by cholecystokinin and motillin during meals
49
Q

What are the main functions of the endocrine pancreas?

A
  1. Insulin is secreted in response to high blood sugar
  2. Glucagon is secreted in response to low blood sugar
50
Q

What are the main functions of the exocrine pancreas?

A
  1. Trypsin and chymotrypsin break down protein
  2. Lipase breaks down triglycerides
  3. Amylase breaks down starch (carbohydrates)
  4. Bicarbonate neutralizes acid from the stomach

Gastroenterology & Nutrition (6 decks)

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