Intro to foundation engineering

Question 1

Early foundation designs were based on ________-, _____________, and _______

Answer 1

precedent,
intuition and common sense

Question 2

________usually produced acceptable results
as long as they were applied to structures and soil
conditions similar to those encountered in the past

Answer 2

Empirical rules

Question 3

New methods of building construction began to appear
in the late __________

Answer 3

19th century

Question 4

An excellent example of a new type of
structure in which old rules for
foundation no longer applies, Built in 1887 - 1889

Answer 4

Eiffel Tower

Question 5

Piers for the nearby Alma bridge
(founded in this alluvium) had already
settled by _______

Answer 5

1 m.

Question 6

Eiffel devised a new way of exploring the
soils, which consisted of driving ______________ filled with _____________.

Answer 6

200-mm
diameter pipe, compressed air

Question 7

____________ is the art and science of
molding materials we do not fully understand into
shapes we cannot precisely analyze to resist forces
we cannot accurately predict, all in such a way that
the society at large is given no reason to suspect
the extent of our ignorance.

Answer 7

Structural engineering

Question 8

___________ include a mixture of rational and
empirical techniques

Answer 8

Design methods

Question 9

___________ are those developed from the
principles of physics and engineering sciences

Answer 9

Rational techniques

Question 10

_______________ are based primarily on experimental data

Answer 10

Empirical techniques

Question 11

Uncertainties when it comes to foundation

Answer 11

-Limited knowledge of soil conditions
-Limitations in our understanding of the interaction
between a foundation and a soil
-Difficulty in the prediction of the actual service loads that
will act on the foundation

Question 12

We compensate these uncertainties by using ___________ in our designs

Answer 12

factors of
safety

Question 13

load that will lead to an ultimate state

Answer 13

Qult

Question 14

Category A (typical structures and observations)

Answer 14

-Railway bridges, warehouses, blast furnaces, retaining walls, and silos
-maximum design load likely to occur often and ultimate limit states with disastrous consequences

Question 15

Category B (Typical Structures and observation)

Answer 15

-Highway bridges, light industrial and public buildings
-maximum design load may occur occasionally and ultimate limit states with serious consequences

Question 16

Category C

Answer 16

-Apartment buildings and Office buildings
-Maximum design load unlikely to occur often

Question 17

NSCP

Answer 17

National Structural Code of the Philippines

Question 18

UBC

Answer 18

Uniform Building Code

Question 19

ACI

Answer 19

American Concrete Institute

Question 20

AISC

Answer 20

American Institute of Steel Construction

Question 21

AASHTO

Answer 21

American Association of State Highway and
Transportation Officials

Question 22

Performance requirements

Answer 22

-Design Loads
-Methods of Expression (ASD/WSD, LRFD)
-Strength requirements (Geotechnical strength Requirements, Structural strength Requirements)
-Serviceability Requirements (Total Settlement, Differential Settlement)
-Constructibility Requirements
-Economic Requirements

Question 23

are those caused by the weight of the structure,
including permanently installed equipment.

Answer 23

Dead loads (D)

Question 24

are those caused by the intended use and occupancy.
These include loads from people, furniture, inventory, maintenance
activities, moveable partitions, moveable equipment, vehicles, and
other similar sources.

Answer 24

Live Load (L)

Question 25

are a special type of live load caused the accumulation of snow or rain. Sometimes rain loads caused by ponding (the static accumulation of water on the roof) are considered separately.

Answer 25

Snow loads (S) and Rain Loads (R)

Question 26

are caused by the weight and lateral pressures from soil or rock, such as those acting on a retaining wall.

Answer 26

Earth pressure loads (H)

Question 27

are those caused by fluids with well-defined pressures and maximum heights, such as water in a storage tank.

Answer 27

Fluid loads (F)

Question 28

are the result of acceleration from earthquakes

Answer 28

Earthquake loads (E)

Question 29

are imparted by wind onto the structure.

Answer 29

Wind loads (W)

Question 30

are those caused by temperature changes, shrinkage, moisture changes, creep, differential settlement, and other similar processes.

Answer 30

Self-straining loads (T)

Question 31

are the result of vibratory, dynamic, and impact effects. Impact loads from vessels are especially important in some bridge and port facilities.

Answer 31

Impact loads (1)

Question 32

are caused by the action of water and ice in bodies of water, and are especially important in bridges, offshore drilling platforms, and port facilities

Answer 32

Stream flow loads (SF) and ice loads (ICE)

Question 33

are caused by the motion of vehicles moving on the structure. Centrifugal forces occur when the vehicle is turning, such as on a curved bridge, while braking forces are those transmitted to the structure when a vehicle brakes.

Answer 33

Centrifugal (CF) and braking loads (BF)

Question 34

intended to avoid catastrophic failures

Answer 34

Strength requirements

Question 35

Strength requirements

Answer 35

geotechnical requirements structural strength requirements

Question 36

intended to produce foundations that perform well when subjected to service loads

Answer 36

Serviceability requirements

Question 37

address the ability of the soil or rock to accept the loads imparted by the foundation without failing.

Answer 37

Geotechnical Strength requirements

Question 38

geotechnical strength requirements is satisfied by comparing ____________ with __________ and designing accordingly

Answer 38

shear stresses, shear strengths

Question 39

for spread footing foundations, geotechnical strength is expressed as the __________- of the soil

Answer 39

bearing capacity

Question 40

Serviceability requirements includes:

Answer 40

settlement heave tilt lateral movement vibration durability

Question 41

the vertical downward movement foundations

Answer 41

Settlement

Question 42

the change in foundation elevation from the original unloaded position to the final loaded position

Answer 42

이 Total Settlement,

Question 43

some of the problems experienced during excessive total settlements

Answer 43

connections with existing structures utility lines surface drainage accesS Before Loading 8 After Loading Total settlement inaspread footing foundation aesthetics

Question 44

If predicted settlement, is greater than 8a any or all of the following measures can be considered:

Answer 44

◆ Adjust the foundation design ◆ Use a more elaborate foundation ◆ Improve the properties of soil ◆ Redesign the structure so it is more tolerant of settlements

Question 45

the difference in total settlement between two foundations or between two points on a single foundation

Answer 45

Differential Settlement

Question 46

some of the problems experienced during excessive total settlements

Answer 46

cracks in walls Jamming in doors and windows poor aesthetics if allowed to progress, it can threaten the integrity of the structure

Question 47

Foundation designs are usually more conservative than those in the superstructure for the following reasons:

Answer 47

*Assessments of the soil and rock conditions include considerable uncertainty *Foundations are not built with the same degree of precision as the superstructure *Structural materials (piles) may be damaged during installation * Uncertainty in the nature and distribution of the load transfer between foundation and the ground *The consequences of a catastrophic failure are much greater

Question 48

____________- is often the most important serviceability requirement.

Answer 48

Settlement