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gen med 2: eent > Intro to Eye > Flashcards

Intro to Eye Flashcards

1
Q

what are the corners of the eyes where the upper and lower lid join

A

inner and outer canthus (outer obvi lateral)

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2
Q

bulbar conjuctiva

A

covers anterior sclera and ends at the cornea

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3
Q

palpebral conjuctiva

A

lines the inside surface of the eyelids

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4
Q

2 types of sebaceous glands–> differentiate

A

gives the oil layer

1) Meibomian glands –>BIG sebaceous glands at the INNER eyelid margins (most of lubricant)
2) gland of Zeis–> TINY at the outer eyelid margins in the hair follicles

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5
Q

describe lacrimal apparatus

A

lacrimal gland–> superior and inferior lacrimal punctum–> lacrimal sac–> nasolacrimal duct –> inferior meatus and turbinate

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6
Q

outer layer of eye

A

cornea and sclera

aka fibrous layer

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7
Q

middle layer of eye

A

vascular tunic

has uvea or uveal tract–> ciliary body, iris, choroid (ICC)

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8
Q

inner layer of the eye

A

sensory tunic

retina (rods, cones, optic disc, macula, fovea)

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9
Q

describe chamber separation

A

cornea to iris–> anterior chamber
iris to lens–> posterior chamber

everything behind the lens –> vitreous body!!

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10
Q

describe the fluids in each chamber

A

1) anterior and posterior chamber= aqueous humor

2) vitreous body= vitreous fluid which is shock absorbing, so jelly like substance

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11
Q

describe the whole optic nerve thingy

A

optic nerve –> optic chiasm–> optic tract

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12
Q

what is the gold standard for measuring IOP

A

Goldmann’s applanation

  1. numbing drops, the put device on the surface of the eye and it measures the amount of force needed to flatten a given area of the cornea
  2. if you have higher pressure, harder to flatten cornea
  3. blue light helps fluoresce
  4. we want the two semicircles to be connected
  5. if high pressure–> far apart & if low pressure, overlapping a lot
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13
Q

tonopens

A

handheld device, CONTACT!

TAP the eye and take average–> doing it multiple times

using numbing

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14
Q

tonometer

A

this is the machine where it puffs air into your eyes

more for a screening

**measures IOP and it is NON-contact

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15
Q

perimetry

A

formal visual field testing
put face into machine and there are flashing lights and you map it out

shadings mean that loss of vision or unable to pick up the signal

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16
Q

what is fluorescein staining used for

A

solution that helps us detect abrasions and foreign bodies (commonly used in ER)

-solution, single strips, or IV sol for angiography

1) number
2) pace strip on lower eye lid and tears will usually distribute the stain all over
3) use blue light to see the defects

17
Q

when are gram stains and cultures considered

A

newborns
immunocompromised
patients that do not respond to tx

18
Q

fluorescein angiography

A

(diagnostic evalv)
IV fluorescein dye can be seen in the RETINAL VESSELS using a camera

*****SENSITIVE way to look at changes w diabetic retinopathy or macular degeneration

19
Q

topography

A

gives a map of the cornea

used for tx of refractive errors (lasik) and other issues w cornea, cataract surgery

20
Q

what is the screening test for assessing the macula

A

1) grid; hold it 14 inches away–> ONE EYE at a time
2) focus on center; if pucker shape w wavy lines or missing grid parts–> vascular changes associated w wet macular degeneration

21
Q

ishihara plates

A

used for color testing

daylight 30 inches away

10 or More ready correctly = normal

≤7 read correctly, color deficient

everyone can read 12?

22
Q

hyperopia

A

farsightedness

shorter than normal eye–> light rays focus behind the eye

need biconvex lens to converge the light rays more

23
Q

myopia

A

near sightedness

longer than normal eye; light rays focusing in FRONT of eye

need biconvex lens to converge the light rays more

24
Q

astigmatism

A

difference in refractive power along any main refractive services (cornea, anterior lens posterior lens)

need a SPECIAL LENS to correct the defect

25
Q

eye drops vs ointments

A

for ointment, paint across lower eyelid

26
Q

tear replacement and lubricants

solutions/ointments

A

drops>ointments bc do not retain discharge or mess with vision

ointments have better therapeautic effectiveness than solutions–> generally used at night

27
Q

decongestants and antihistamines are used in

A

allergic conjunctivitis

relieve redness and itching

Olopatadine
Naphazoline/pheniramine

OTC: good to give rec tho! if using everyday, consider oral antihistamine

28
Q

abx we use for eyes

topical!!

A

1) erythro ointment
2) polymixin-trimethoprim drops
3) FQ (oflaxacin–> contacts)
4) others= gentamycin and sulfacetamide

usually erythro takes care of everything unless there is contacts

29
Q

topical antivirals

A

idoxuridine for herpes simplex keratitis

others: trifluridine, ganciclovir

30
Q

what drug should patients never go home on

A

topical ophthalmic anesthetics!!! (don’t want pt to NOT realize things are worsening, more to to hurt and re-injure eye

31
Q

topical anesthetics

A

proparacaine chloride

tetracaine hydrochloride

32
Q

topical corticosteroids

A

saved for inflammatory condiitons

hydrocortisone
prednisolone
dexamethasone

combined w abx commonly

if ur thinking about giving topical steroids–> send to optho

warning= steroids inhance the growth of herpes simplex (infxn)

33
Q

glaucoma meds

A

increase outflow= PAC

decrease outflow= BAC

34
Q

cycloplegic-mydriatics

A

cycloplegic= paralyze ciliary muscles

mydriatic= dilate pupil

paralyzing ciliary m makes the lens flatten and inceases the distance b/w lens and iris

35
Q

what drug can help reduce the pain w ciliary muscle spasms in some conditions

A

cycloplegic-mydriatics

36
Q

most common cycloplegic-mydriatics short acting

A

tropicanamide

37
Q

warning w cycloplegic-mydriatics

A

can block outflow of aqueous humor and make closed angle glaucoma worse for those who have congenitaly narrow chamber angles

38
Q

which cycloplegic-mydriatics used for post cataract

A

altropine sulfate

gen med 2: eent (3 decks)

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