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Medical Microbiology > Intro To Epidemiology > Flashcards

Intro To Epidemiology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What is Microbiology definition

A

Study of microorganisms

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2
Q

What is the definition of microorganisms/ microbes

A

Microscopic organisms

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3
Q

Definition of a pathogen

A

Microorganisms that CAN cause disease

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4
Q

Are pathogens only found in humans

A

No, not necessarily

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5
Q

Definition of infectious disease

A

Caused by pathogenic microorganisms which can be spread, directly or indirectly from one person to another

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6
Q

Definition of medical Microbiology

A

The study of microorganisms that are of medical importance and susceptible of causing disease in human beings

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7
Q

What is an infectious disease

A

Caused by an infectious agent

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8
Q

Give an example of an infectious disease

A

Tetanus

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9
Q

What is the definition of a communicable disease

A

Transmission - directly or indirectly from an infected person eg. Food poisoning

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10
Q

Give an example of a communicable disease

A

Measles

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11
Q

Definition of a transmissable disease

A

Transmission- through an unnatural route - from an infected person
Eg. Prior disease through needles

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12
Q

Example of a transmissable disease

A

vCJD

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13
Q

What are the possible ways of DIRECT routes of transmission

A

Skin to skin
Mucous to mucous
Across placenta
Through breast milk
Sneeze - cough

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14
Q

Give a disease that’s transmitted through skin to skin

A

Herpes type 1

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15
Q

Give a disease transmitted by mucous to mucous

A

STIs

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16
Q

Give a disease that’s transmitted across the placenta (mother and born baby)

A

Toxoplasmosis

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17
Q

Give a disease transmitted through breast milk

A

HIV

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18
Q

Give a disease transmitted through sneeze/ cough

A

Influenza

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19
Q

List all the INDIRECT modes of transmission

A

Food borne
Water borne
Vector borne
Air borne

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20
Q

Name a food borne disease

A

Salmonella

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21
Q

Name a water borne disease

A

Hepatitis A

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22
Q

Name a vector borne disease

A

Malaria

23
Q

Name an airborne disease

A

Chicken pox

24
Q

Can DNA AND RNA viruses cross the placenta

A

Yes

25
Q

Name action modes of direct contact disease transmission

A

Hand shaking
Kissing
Sex
Bites

26
Q

Name action modes of indirect contact disease transmission

A

Drinking glasses
Toothbrushes
Toys
Punctures
Droplets from sneezing and coughing (within one meter)

27
Q

Name airborne methods vehicle disease transmission

A

Dust particles

28
Q

Name waterborne methods vehicle disease transmission

A

Streams
Swimming pools

29
Q

Name foodborne methods vehicle disease transmission

A

Poultry
Seafood
Mec

30
Q

Modes of transmission - how many types of vector transmission and what are they

A
  1. Mechanical - on insect bodies, flies and roaches
  2. Biological - lice, mites, mosquitos and ticks
31
Q

How many types of vehicle transmission and what are they

A

1.airborne
2.waterborne
3.foodborne

32
Q

How many types of contact transmission and what are they

A
  1. Direct transmisson
  2. Indirect transmission
33
Q

Toxoplasmosis can be contracted from which animal and their what

A

Cats and their poo

34
Q

What food can listeria be contracted from

A

Hummus

35
Q

What are the 4 outcomes of exposure to an infectious agent

A

No infection
Clinical
Sub clinical
Carrier

36
Q

What are the 4 outcomes of being clinical after exposure to infectious agents

A

Death
Carrier
Immunity
No immunity

37
Q

What are the 3 outcomes of being sub clinical after exposure to infectious agents

A

Carrier
Immunity
No immunity

38
Q

In the time line of infection what are the 3 stages after infection

A

Incubation period
Symptomatic period
Non diseased

39
Q

With regards to transmission, what does index mean

A

The first case identified

40
Q

With regards to transmission what does primary case mean

A

The case that brings the infection into a population

41
Q

What is patient zero known as

A

Index

42
Q

How do you calculate attack rate

A

Attack rate = ill ÷ exposed

43
Q

What does an attack rate of 80% mean

A

Means that 80% of the people exposed show disease

44
Q

What 3 things does the epidemiologic triad involve and what does it mean

A

Shows disease is the result of forces within a dynamic system consisting of:
Agent
environment
Host
And disease in the middle of triangle going to disease

These are factors that impact disease transmission

45
Q

In the epidemiologic triad, what are the factors influencing disease transmission as part of AGENT

A

Infectivity
Pathogenicity
Virulence
Immunogenicity
Antigen stability
Survival

46
Q

In the epidemiologic triad, what are the factors influencing disease transmission as part of HOST

A

Age
Sex
Phenotype
Behaviour - how healthy/ well fed?
Nutritional status
Health status

47
Q

In the epidemiologic triad, what are the factors influencing disease transmission as part of ENVIRONMENT

A

Weather - hospital setting, damp environment, poor housing…
Housing
Geography
Occupational setting
Air quality
Food

48
Q

Equation for infectivity- ability to infect

A

Number infected/ number susceptible x 100

49
Q

Equation for pathogenicity- ability to cause didisease

A

Number with clinical diease/ number infected x 100

50
Q

Equation for virulence- ability to cause death

A

Number of deaths/ number with disease x 100

51
Q

What is virulence

A

Ability to cause deaths

52
Q

What are infectivity, pathogenicity and virulence all dependent on

A

All are dependent on host factors

53
Q

Summarise important concept of kochs postulates to identify the microbial cause of specific diseases

A

Microbe must be present in every case of the disease but not in healthy organisms

Microbe must be isolated from a disease host and grown in pure culture

Disease must be reproduced when a pure culture is introduced into a non disease susceptible host

Microbe must be recoverable from an experimentally infected host

54
Q

Compare endemic epidemic and pandemic

A

Endemic- transmission occur, but the number of cases remains constant within a certain area

Epidemic: a rapid increase in the numbers of cases in a certain area

Pandemic: when epidemics spread and occur at several continents- a global epidemic

Medical Microbiology (1 decks)

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