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Evidence Based Medicine > Intro to Epidemiology > Flashcards

Intro to Epidemiology Flashcards

1
Q

What measures disease frequency?

A

Prevalence (P)

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2
Q

What does prevalence do?

A

measures existing cases of a disease at a particular point in time or over a period of time.

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3
Q

formula for Prevalence (P)

A

P = existing cases / entire population (sick or not)

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4
Q

Point Prevalence measures…

A

… the frequency of disease at a given point in time - “Snapshot in time.”

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5
Q

Period Prevalence measures…

A

… prevalence over a period of time.

e.g, between 2000 and 2010.

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6
Q

When is incidence similar to prevalence?

A

When there are no more new cases.

When existing cases die or leave the population at the same rate new cases are developing.

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7
Q

When are incidence and prevalence different?

A

Increase life expectency - greater number of cases.

Relatively fixed amount of new cases per year.

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8
Q

Incidence Rate

A

the rate of appearance of new cases over time.

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9
Q

Incidence Rate is a true rate which can assess…

A

time from exposure to disease.

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10
Q

What are examples of units for incidence rate?

A

person-years

person-days

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11
Q

Prevalence

A

the percentage of people in the population with the outcome of interest at any point in time.

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12
Q

Prevalence measures…

A

… existing cases of a health condition or event.

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13
Q

What type of studies often look at prevalence?

A

Cross Sectional

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14
Q

What are the two types of prevalence?

A

Point Prevalence

Period Prevalence

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15
Q

What is prevalence useful for?

A

Assessing the health status of a population.

Planning health services.

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16
Q

What is prevalence not useful for?

A

Identifying risk factors - it obscures causal relationships.

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17
Q

Formula for Period Prevalence:

A

PP= (C+I) / N

C = the # of prevalent cases at the beginning of the time period.

I= the # of incident cases that develop during the period.

N= size of the population for this same period.

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18
Q

Suppose we followed a population of 150 persons for one year, and 25 had a disease of interest at the start of follow-up and another 15 new cases developed during the year.

What is the point prevalence at the start of the period?

A

25/150 = 0.17 = 17%

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19
Q

Suppose we followed a population of 150 persons for one year, and 25 had a disease of interest at the start of follow-up and another 15 new cases developed during the year.

What is the period prevalence at the start of the period?

A

(25+15)/150 = 0.27 = 27%

20
Q

Suppose we followed a population of 150 persons for one year, and 25 had a disease of interest at the start of follow-up and another 15 new cases developed during the year.

What is the point prevalence at the end of the period?

A

Not known - we don’t know recovery or death.

21
Q

Suppose we followed a population of 150 persons for one year, and 25 had a disease of interest at the start of follow-up and another 15 new cases developed during the year. None recovered or died.

What is the point prevalence at the end of the period?

A

=(25+15)/150 = 0.27 or 27%

22
Q

Suppose we followed a population of 150 persons for one year, and 25 had a disease of interest at the start of follow-up and another 15 new cases developed during the year.

What is the risk for the one year period?

A

15/125 = 0.12 = 12%

23
Q

Risk

A

The probability that an event will occur.

24
Q

What is measuring risk good for?

A

Fixed population. Fixed Time.

25
Q

Rate

A

A measure of how quickly something happens.

26
Q

What does rate measure?

A

Captures changes accounting for dynamic population over varying amounts of time.

27
Q

Epidemiology

A

The study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations and the application of this study to control health problems.

28
Q

Relative Risk measures…

A

… association

29
Q

What is the simple definition for epidemiology?

A

Epidemiology is the study of health and disease in populations.

30
Q

What is the unit of study for clinical medicine?

A

the individual patient

31
Q

What is the unit of study for epidemiology?

A

a “population.”

e.g, community, age group, sex, etc.

32
Q

Clinical Epidemiology

A

The science of making INDIVIDUAL patient predictions on the basis of POPULATION or group observations.

33
Q

Endemic

A

usual presence of a disease within a given population.

A condition regularly found among a group of people.

It requires a steady state of spread.

34
Q

Epidemic

A

occurrence of a disease clearly in excess of normal expectancy in a defined community or region.

35
Q

Pandemic

A

worldwide epidemic

36
Q

What are the important questions of distribution?

A

How common?
Who is affected?
When does it occur?
Where does it occur?

37
Q

Point Prevalence =

A

P=C/N

C= # of observed cases at time (t)
N= Population size at that time (t)
38
Q

Descriptive epidemiology deals with…

A

… the distribution of disease.

39
Q

Descriptive studies estimate…

A

…disease frequency and time trends and (sometimes) generate etiologic hypotheses.

40
Q

Analytic epidemiology deals with…

A

… determinants of disease.

41
Q

Analytic Studies

A

test etiologic hypotheses in order to establish or reject causal links.

42
Q

What is prevalence affected by?

A

incidence and disease duration.

43
Q

crude mortality rate =

A

crude mortality rate = total deaths / 100,000 population

44
Q

Attack Rate =

A

Attack Rate = # new cases / total vulnerable

45
Q

Case Fatality Rate =

A

Case Fatality Rate = deaths/cases

46
Q

Survival Rate =

A

Survival Rate = number living/# cases

Evidence Based Medicine (2 decks)

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