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Endo Repro Midterm > Intro to Endocrinology DSA > Flashcards

Intro to Endocrinology DSA Flashcards

1
Q

autocrine

LO1

A

hormone from cell type 1 acts directly on cells of the same type and the cell that released it

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2
Q

paracrine

LO1

A

hormone from cell type 1 acts on cell type 2 in the same area

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3
Q

endocrine

LO1

A

hormone from cell type 1 travels through the bloodstream to act on cell type 2

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4
Q

neurocrine

LO1

A

hormone released by a neuron travels through the bloodstream to act on a cell

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5
Q

What are the classic endocrine glands?

LO2

A
  • hypothalamus
  • anterior pituitary
  • posterior pituitary
  • thyroid
  • parathyroid
  • adrenal cortex
  • adrenal medulla
  • gonads
  • endocrine pancreas
  • placenta (transitory organ)
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6
Q

What organs primary function is NOT endocrine, but some endocrine cells in these organs secrete hormones?

A
  • adipose tissue
  • heart
  • liver
  • kidney
  • GI tract
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7
Q

What are some examples of hormones modified by peripheral conversion?

A
  • Angiotensin II

- vitamin D

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8
Q

ACTH

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone

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9
Q

ADH

A

antidiuretic hormone

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10
Q

CRH

A

corticotropin-releasing hormone

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11
Q

DHEA

A

dehydroepiandrosterone

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12
Q

DIT

A

diiodotyrosine

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13
Q

DOC

A

11-deoxycorticosterone

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14
Q

FSH

A

follicle-stimulating hormone

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15
Q

GHRH

A

growth hormone-releasing hormone

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16
Q

GnRH

A

gonadotropin-releasing hormone

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17
Q

HCG

A

human chorionic gonadotropin

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18
Q

HGH

A

human growth hormone

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19
Q

hPL

A

human placental lactogen

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20
Q

IGF

A

insulin-like growth factor

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21
Q

LH

A

luteinizing hormone

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22
Q

MIT

A

monoiodotyrosine

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23
Q

MSH

A

melanocyte-stimulating hormone

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24
Q

PIF

A

prolactin-inhibiting factor (dopamine)

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25
Q

POMC

A

pro-opiomelanocortin

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26
Q

PTU

A

propylthiouracil

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27
Q

SRIP

A

somatotropin release-inhibiting factor

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28
Q

T3

A

triiodothyronine

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29
Q

T4

A

thyroxine

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30
Q

TBG

A

thyroxine-binding globulin

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31
Q

TRH

A

thyrotropin-releasing hormone

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32
Q

TSH

A

thyroid-stimulating hormone

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33
Q

What hormones are released by the hypothalamus?

LO2

A 
TRH
CRH
GHRH
GnRH
somatostatin
dopamine
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34
Q

What hormones are released by the anterior pituitary?

LO2

A 
TSH
FSH
LH
ACTH
MSH
growth hormone
prolactin
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35
Q

What hormones are released by the posterior pituitary?

LO2

A

ADH

oxytocin

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36
Q

What hormones are released by the thyroid?

LO2

A

T3
T4
calcitonin

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37
Q

What hormones are released by the parathyroid?

LO2

A

PTH

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38
Q

What hormones are released by the pancreas?

LO2

A

insulin

glucagon

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39
Q

What hormones are released by the adrenal medulla?

LO2

A

norepinephrine

epinephrine

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40
Q

What hormones are released by the kidney?

LO2

A

renin

1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol

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41
Q

What hormones are released by the adrenal cortex?

LO2

A

cortisol
aldosterone
adrenal androgens

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42
Q

What hormones are released by the testes?

LO2

A

testosterone

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43
Q

What hormones are released by the ovaries?

LO2

A

estradiol

progesterone

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44
Q

What hormones are released by the corpus luteum?

LO2

A

estradiol

progesterone

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45
Q

What hormones are released by a placenta?

LO2

A

hCG
estriol
progesterone
hPL

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46
Q

What are the 3 classes of hormones?

A

peptides and proteins
steroids
amines

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47
Q

What are each of the 3 classes of hormones derived from?

A

peptides and proteins: amino acids

steroid: derivatives of cholesterol
amine: derivatives of tyrosine

48
Q

How many amino acids in proteins and peptides?

A

proteins = equal or greater than 100 aa

peptides = less than 100 aa

49
Q

Protein and peptide hormone synthesis

LO3

A

DNA -Nucleus-> mRNA -Ribosome-> preprohormone -ER-> prohormone -golgi apparatus-> hormone (secretory vesicles)

50
Q

Is a preprohormone biologically active?

51
Q

Where are protein and peptide hormones stored?

A

in secretory vesicles until the endocrine cell is stimulated

52
Q

What are the steroid hormones?

A
  • cortisol
  • aldosterone
  • estradiol
  • estriol
  • progesterone
  • testosterone
  • 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol
53
Q

Where are steroid hormones synthesized?

LO3

A
  • adrenal cortex
  • gonads
  • corpus lutem
  • -placenta

*in book, but not listed in DSA

54
Q

What are the modifications of cholesterol to make a steroid hormone?
LO3

A
  • removal of side chain
  • addition of side chain
  • hydroxylation of steroid nucleus
  • aromatization of steroid nucleus
55
Q

What are the 2 sources of cholesterol?

A
  • 80% taken up as LDL particles through receptor-mediated endocytosis
  • De novo synthesis from acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA)
56
Q

Do steroid hormones have genomic or nongenomic actions?

57
Q

What are the genomic actions of steroid hormones?

A

modulate gene transcription by interaction with intracellular, nuclear receptors

58
Q

What are the nongenomic actions of steroid hormones?

A

rapid steroid actions

-specific receptor mediated actions or direct steroid membrane interactions

59
Q

What are the 2 groups of amine hormones?

LO3

A 
Catecholamines
-epinephrine
-norepinephrine
-dopamine
Thyroid hormones
-T3
-T4
60
Q

How are catecholamines synthesized?

LO3

A

L-tyrosine -tyrosine hydroxylase-> L-DOPA -DOPA decarboxylase, Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase -> Dopamine - Dopamine beta-hydroxylase -> Norepinephrine - Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase -> Epinephrine

  • synthesized in the cytosol and secretory granules
  • act through cell-membrane associated receptors
61
Q

How are thyroid hormones synthesized?

LO3

A
  • synthesized by thyroid gland and stored as thyroglobullin in follicles within the gland
  • cross cell membrane and act through nuclear receptors
62
Q 
List the protein binding %, plasma half life, and metabolic clearance (ml/min) for:
thyroxine
triiodothyronine
cortisol
testosterone
aldosterone
thyrotropin
insulin
ADH

LO3

A

thyroxine: 99.97, 6 days, 0.7
triiodothyronine: 99.7, 1 day, 18
cortisol: 94, 100 min, 140
testosterone: 89, 85 min, 860
aldosterone: 15, 25 min, 1100
thyrotropin: little, 50 min, 50
insulin: little, 8 min, 800
ADH: little, 8 min, 600

63
Q

TRH

  • chemical classification
  • gland of origin
  • major action
A
  • peptide
  • hypothalamus
  • stimulates secretion of TSH and prolactin
64
Q

CRH

  • chemical classification
  • gland of origin
  • major action
A
  • peptide
  • hypothalamus
  • stimulates secretion of ACTH
65
Q

GnRH

  • chemical classification
  • gland of origin
  • major action
A
  • peptide
  • hypothalamus
  • stimulates secretion of LH and FSH
66
Q

SRIF

  • chemical classification
  • gland of origin
  • major action
A
  • peptide
  • hypothalamus
  • inhibits secretion of growth hormone
67
Q

PIF

  • chemical classification
  • gland of origin
  • major action
A
  • amine
  • hypothalamus
  • inhibits secretion of prolactin
68
Q

GHRH

  • chemical classification
  • gland of origin
  • major action
A
  • peptide
  • hypothalamus
  • stimulates secretion of growth hormone
69
Q

TSH

  • chemical classification
  • gland of origin
  • major action
A
  • peptide
  • anterior pituitary
  • stimulates synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormone
70
Q

FSH

  • chemical classification
  • gland of origin
  • major action
A
  • peptide
  • anterior pituitary
  • stimulates sperm maturation in Sertoli cells of testes
  • stimulates follicular development and estrogen synthesis in ovaries
71
Q

LH

  • chemical classification
  • gland of origin
  • major action
A
  • peptide
  • anterior pituitary
  • stimulates testosterone synthesis in Leydig cells of testes
  • stimulates ovulation, formation of corpus luteum, estrogen and progesterone synthesis in ovaries
72
Q

growth hormone

  • chemical classification
  • gland of origin
  • major action
A
  • peptide
  • anterior pituitary
  • stimulates protein synthesis and overall growth
73
Q

prolactin

  • chemical classification
  • gland of origin
  • major action
A
  • peptide
  • anterior pituitary
  • stimulates milk production and secretion in breast
74
Q

ACTH

  • chemical classification
  • gland of origin
  • major action
A
  • peptide
  • anterior pituitary
  • stimulates synthesis and secretion of adrenal cortical hormone (cortisol, androgens, and aldosterone)
75
Q

MSH

  • chemical classification
  • gland of origin
  • major action
A
  • peptide
  • anterior pituitary
  • stimulates meanin synthesis (? humans)
76
Q

oxytocin

  • chemical classification
  • gland of origin
  • major action
A
  • peptide
  • posterior pituitary
  • stimulates milk ejection from breasts and uterine contractions
77
Q

ADH (vasopressin)

  • chemical classification
  • gland of origin
  • major action
A
  • peptide
  • posterior pituitary
  • stimulates water reabsorption in principal cells of collecting ducts and constriction of arterioles
78
Q

T3, T4

  • chemical classification
  • gland of origin
  • major action
A
  • amine
  • thyroid
  • stimulates skeletal growth; oxygen consumption; heat production; protein, fat, and carbohydrate utilization; perinatal maturation of the CNS
79
Q

calcitonin

  • chemical classification
  • gland of origin
  • major action
A
  • peptide
  • thyroid
  • decreases serum [Ca2+]
80
Q

PTH

  • chemical classification
  • gland of origin
  • major action
A
  • peptide
  • parathyroid
  • increases serum [Ca2+]
81
Q

cortisol (glucocorticoid)

  • chemical classification
  • gland of origin
  • major action
A
  • steroid
  • adrenal cortex
  • stimulates gluconeogenesis; inhibits inflammatory response; suppresses immune response; enhances vascular responsiveness to catecholamines
82
Q

aldosterone (mineralocorticoid)

  • chemical classification
  • gland of origin
  • major action
A
  • steroid
  • adrenal cortex
  • increases renal Na+ reabsorption, K+ secretion, and H+ secretion
83
Q

DHEA andd androstenedione (adrenal androgens)

  • chemical classification
  • gland of origin
  • major action
A
  • steroid
  • adrenal cortex
  • same actions as testosterone - secondary male sex characteristics
84
Q

testosterone

  • chemical classification
  • gland of origin
  • major action
A
  • steroid
  • testes
  • stimulates spermatogenesis; stimulates male secondary sex characteristics
85
Q

estradiol/estriol

  • chemical classification
  • gland of origin
  • major action
A
  • steroid
  • ovaries or corpus luteum or placenta
  • stimulates growth and development of female reproductive system, follicular phase of menstrual cycle, development of breasts, prolactin secretion; maintains pregnancy
86
Q

progesterone

  • chemical classification
  • gland of origin
  • major action
A
  • steroid
  • ovaries or corpus luteum or placenta
  • stimulates luteal phase of menstrual cycle; maintains pregnancy
87
Q

HCG

  • chemical classification
  • gland of origin
  • major action
A
  • peptide
  • placenta
  • stimulates estrogen and progesterone synthesis in corpus luteum of early pregnancy
88
Q

hPL

  • chemical classification
  • gland of origin
  • major action
A
  • peptide
  • placenta
  • has growth-hormone-like and prolactin-like actions during pregnancy
89
Q

insulin

  • chemical classification
  • gland of origin
  • major action
A
  • peptide
  • beta cells of pancreas
  • decreases blood [glucose]
90
Q

glucagon

  • chemical classification
  • gland of origin
  • major action
A
  • peptide
  • alpha cells of pancreas
  • increases blood [glucose]
91
Q

renin

  • chemical classification
  • gland of origin
  • major action
A
  • peptide
  • kidney
  • catalyzes conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
92
Q

1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol

  • chemical classification
  • gland of origin
  • major action
A
  • steroid
  • kidney
  • increases intestinal absorption of Ca2+; bone mineralization
93
Q

norepinephrine, epinephrine

  • chemical classification
  • gland of origin
A
  • amine

- adrenal medulla

94
Q

negative feedback
-definition
-net result
LO4b/6

A

some feature of hormone action, directly or indirectly, inhibits further secretion of the hormone (self-limiting)

-net result: when hormone levels are adequate or high based on physiologic actions, further secretion of the hormone is inhibited. when hormone levels are judged to be inadequate or low, secretion of the hormone is stimulated.

95
Q

long-loop feedback
-definition
LO4b

A

end hormone feeds back ALL the way to the hypothalamic-pituitary axis

example: testosterone inhibiting hypothalamus (GnRH) and anterior pituitary (LH)

96
Q

short-loop feedback
-definition
LO4b

A

anterior-pituitary hormone feeds back on the hypothalamus to inhibit secretion of hypothalamic-releasing hormone

example: LH inhibits GnRH

97
Q

ultrashort-loop feedback
-definition
LO4b

A

hypothalamic hormone inhibits its sown secretion

example: GHRH inhibits GHRH secretion

98
Q

positive feedback

  • definition
  • example

LO4a/6

A
  • some feature of hormone action causes MORE secretion of the hormone (self-augmenting)
  • example: during follicular phase of the menstrual cycle, the ovaries secrete estrogen. Estrogen acts on anterior pituitary to produce a rapid burst of FSH and LH secretion. FSH and LH –> ovulation and stimulation of estrogen secretion –> burst of FSH and LH that precedes ovulation.
  • example2: dilation of the cervix causes posterior pituitary to secrete oxytocin –> stimulates uterine contraction –> further dilation of cervix –> parturition
99
Q

Which is more common: positive or negative feedback mechanisms?

100
Q

What are the axes in the endocrine system?

LO6

A
  • hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal gland (HPA) axis
  • hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid gland (HPT) axis
  • hypothalamus-pituitary-gonads (HPG) axis
101
Q

How are the first tier of endocrine axes regulated?

LO7

A
  • descending and ascending neuronal inputs modulate hormonal secretion in the hypothalamus
  • also regulated by physiological stress
102
Q

What are the major neuronal inputs that modulate hormonal secretion in the hypothalamus?
LO7

A
  • suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) - impose a circadian rhythm on the secretion of hypothalamic releasing hormones and endocrine axes
  • pineal gland - releases melatonin which feedback to the SCN information about day-night
103
Q

What is the dose-response relationship?

LO8

A

the magnitude of response is correlated with hormone concentration
(response increases then levels off with increasing hormone concentration)

104
Q

What is sensitivity?

LO8

A

the hormone concentration that produces 50% o the maximal response

  • if more hormone is required, then there is a decrease in sensitivity of target tissue
  • if less hormone is required, then increase in sensitivity of target tissue
105
Q

How can the responsiveness or sensitivity of a target tissue be changed?
LO8

A
  • changing number of receptors

- changing the affinity of the receptors for the hormone

106
Q

What is down-regulation?

LO8b

A

the number of receptors or the affinity of the receptors for the hormone has decreased

107
Q

What is up-regulation?

LO8a

A

the number or affinity of the receptors has increased

108
Q

What are the major mechanisms of hormone action on target cells?
LO9

A
  • adenylyl cyclase
  • phospholipase C
  • steroid hormone
  • guanylyl cyclase
  • tyrosine kinases
109
Q 
Adenylyl cyclase mechanism
-1st messenger
-primary effector
-2nd messenger
-secondary effector
LO9a
A
  • 1st messenger: hormones (ACTH, LH, FSH, TSH, glucagon)
  • primary effector: adenylyl cylcase
  • 2nd messenger: cAMP
  • secondary effector: PKA
110
Q 
phospholipase C mechanism
-1st messenger
-primary effector
-2nd messenger
-secondary effector
LO9b
A
  • 1st messenger: hormones (GnRH, TRH, oxytocin)
  • primary effector: phospholipase C
  • 2nd messenger: IP3/DAG/Ca2+
  • secondary effector: PKC or calmodulin
111
Q 
steroid hormone mechanism
-hormone
-2nd messenger
-receptor
-act as
LO9c
A
  • hormone: thyroid hormones, glucocorticoids, aldosterone, estrogen, testosterone
  • no second messenger
  • act through cytosolic/nuclear receptors
  • hormone-receptor complex acts as transcription factor
112
Q 
guanylyl cyclase mechanism
--1st messenger
-primary effector
-2nd messenger
-secondary effector
LO9d
A
  • 1st messenger: hormones (ANP, NO)
  • primary effector: guanylate cyclase
  • 2nd messenger: cGMP
  • secondary effectory: PKG
113
Q

tyrosine kinase mechanism
-categories
LO9e

A

Receptor tyrosine kinases

  • intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity within receptor
  • when activated, the intrinsic tyrosine kinase phosphorylates itself and other proteins
  • examples: nerve growth factor and epidermal growth factor receptors; insulin and insulin like growth receptors

Tyrosine kinase-associated receptors
-associate non-covalently to proteins that have tyrosine kinase activity (JAK)

114
Q

hypofunction

-definition

A

reduced production of specific hormones

115
Q

hyperfunction

-definition

A

increased production of specific hormones

116
Q

mass lesions

-definition

A

enlargement of the endocrine organ due to an underlying neoplasia or hyperplasia

Endo Repro Midterm (12 decks)

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