Intro to Endocrine

Question 1

What does the Adrenal Medulla secrete?

Answer 1

Catecholamines: Epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine

Question 2

What are catecholamines released in response to and what do they cause?

Answer 2

Stress. They increase vasoconstriction (raise B/P), intensify HR and CO, increase ciliary muscle contraction (dilate pupils), stimulate lipolysis and glycogneolysis for energy production, and decrease intestinal motility.

Question 3

What does the Adrenal Cortex secrete?

Answer 3

Steroid hormones. Mineralcorticoids(Aldosterone), Glucocorticoids (Cortisol), and Gonadocorticoids.

Question 4

What is Aldosterone’s function?

Answer 4

Regulates sodium and potassium in extracellular fluids. Retains sodium ions and water by kidneys. Increases blood VL and BP. Is necessary for life.

Question 5

What is Cortisol’s function?

Answer 5

Increases and maintains glucose concentrations in blood by protein and fat being broken down and converted to glucose, and exerts potent anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects on the body.

Question 6

What do Beta cells in the pancreas produce?

Answer 6

Insulin and Amylin

Question 7

What is Insulin’s function?

Answer 7

Promotes storage of ingested nutrients by binding to receptor on surface of target cell to promote storage. Stimulates formation of glycogen)

Question 8

What is Amylin’s function?

Answer 8

Inhibits the appearance of glucose in the plasma by slowing gastric empyting, reducing appetite, and inhibiting secretion of glucagon.

Question 9

What do Alpha cells in the pancreas produce?

Answer 9

Glucagon and Somatostatin (pretty sure Somatostatin is produced by Delta cells, but his slides say otherwise)

Question 10

What is Glucagon’s function?

Answer 10

Makes energy available to tissues by stimulating breakdown of glycogen.

Question 11

What is the function of Somatostatin?

Answer 11

Inhibits Growth Hormone, Insulin and Glucagon

Question 12

What are PP cells?

Answer 12

Pancreatic Polypeptide. Self regulation of the pancreas (endo and exocrine)

Question 13

What hormones do the ovaries produce?

Answer 13

estrogen, progesterone, and androgens.

Question 14

What effect does testosterone have on the blood?

Answer 14

Stimulates erythropoesis. An increase in testosterone will increase erythropoiesis which makes the blood more viscous.

Question 15

Explain the positive feedback loop of Oxytocin in labor.

Answer 15

Oxytocin stimulates the uterus to contract and stimulates the placenta to make prostaglandins which sends positive feedback to the pituitary to release more oxytocin, which thereby stimulate more contractions of the uterus

Question 16

Circhoral

Answer 16

Episodic release of about an hour

Question 17

Ultradian

Answer 17

Episodic release longer than an hour but less than 24hrs

Question 18

Circadian

Answer 18

Episodic release approximately every 24hrs

Question 19

Diurnal

Answer 19

Episodic activity is expressed at defined periods of the day

Question 20

Circatrigintan

Answer 20

Episodic release approximately every 30 days

Question 21

Free Hormone

Answer 21

fraction available for binding to receptors; the active hormone; dictates magnitude of feedback inhibition that controls hormone release; fraction that is cleared from circulation; correlates best with clinical states or hormone excess/deficiency.

Question 22

Chemical Messenger

Answer 22

Travel to and affect target tissues by binding to specific receptors. Modify target tissue activity and elicit physiological response.

Question 23

When are stimulation tests used?

Answer 23

When hypofunction is suspected. They are designed to test the glands ability to secrete hormone. (Ex- ACTH Stim test= give artificial ACTH and test blood cortisol)

Question 24

When are Suppression tests used?

Answer 24

When hyperfunction is suspected. (Ex: Dexamethasone (syn. cortisol) Sup. test- examines blood and urine for presence of cortisol.