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Physiology Unit 6 > Intro to Endocrine > Flashcards

Intro to Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

overview

A
  • multiple chemical messengers, especially those controlled by autonomic and endocrine systems act in coordinated manner to regulate activities of cells, tissues and organs in the body
  • promote growth, reproduction, homeostasis
  • classical endocrine hormones are released by ductless glands into the circulating blood to influence the function of distant target cells containing specific receptors
  • classical endocrine glands include pit, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, and gonads, but several other tissues secrete hormones
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2
Q

hypothalamus

A
  • ADH
  • oxytocin
  • releasing hormones (TRH, CRH, GHRH, GnRH)
  • somatostatin
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3
Q

pituitary gland

A
  • ant- ATCH, TSH, GH, PRL, FSH, LH, MSH

- posterior pit- release of ADH and oxytocin

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4
Q

parathyroid

A

-PTH

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5
Q

heart

A

-atrial natriuretic peptide

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6
Q

pineal gland

A

-melatonin

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7
Q

thyroid gland

A
  • thyroxine
  • triiodothyronin (T3)
  • calcitonin
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8
Q

thymus

A
  • undergoes atrophy during adulthood

- thymopoietin

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9
Q

adrenal glands

A
  • epi, norepi

- cortisol, aldosterone, androgens

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10
Q

kidney

A
  • erythropoietin
  • calcitriol
  • renin
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11
Q

fat

A

leptin

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12
Q

testes

A

adrogens

-testosterone

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13
Q

GI tract

A 
-gastrin 
secretin
CCK
GIP
motilin
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14
Q

ovaries

A

-estrogens, progestins, inhibin, relaxin

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15
Q

corpus luteum

A
  • estradiol

- progesterone

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16
Q

placenta

A
  • HCG
  • HPL
  • estriol
  • progesterone
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17
Q

fetal placental unit

A
  • chorionic gonadotropin
  • stimulates corpus luteum to produce estrogen and progesterone during early pregnancy
  • human placental lactogen- growth hormone and prolactin like actions
  • estrogens and progesterone
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18
Q

peptide hormones

A
  • ACTH
  • ANP
  • ADH
  • calcitonin
  • CCK
  • Corticotropin releasing hormine
  • FSH
  • glucagon
  • GnRH
  • GH
  • GHRH
  • inhibin
  • insulin
  • IGFs
  • LH
  • oxytocin
  • PTH
  • prolactin
  • secretin
  • somatostatin
  • TSH
  • TRH
  • VIP
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19
Q

aa hormones

A
  • dopamine
  • epi
  • norepi
  • serotonin
  • T3, 4
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20
Q

steroid hormones

A
  • aldosterone
  • cortisol
  • estradiol
  • progesterone
  • testosterone
21
Q

hormones

A
  • classified by their chemical composition
  • typically blood borne polypeptides, amines, steroids that bind with high affinity to specific receptors
  • use second messengers to transduce effects
22
Q

classical hormones and other models

A
  • peptide hormones have receptors on cell surface
  • steroid hormones and thyroid hormones enter the cell and activate nuclear receptors (and sometimes cytoplasmic)
  • some hormones are released by cells and act locally in a paracine/autocrine manner
  • neuroendocrine hormones are secreted by neurons into the blood to influence the function of target cells
  • GH uses tyrosine kinase receptor
23
Q

steroid hormones

A
  • no storage pools
  • diffusion through cell membrane
  • receptor in cytoplasm or nucleus
  • regulate gene transcription
  • hours to days primarily
  • produced on demand
24
Q

peptide amine hormones (important features)

A
  • storage pool is secretory vesicles
  • bind to receptor on cell membrane
  • receptor is on cell membrane
  • cause signal transduction cascade that affect a variety of cell processes
  • seconds to minutes
25
Q

pseudohypoparathyroidism

A
  • defect is in alpha subunit of G coupled receptor
  • there is enough PTH, but it can’t cause it’s effect
  • low calcium and high P
  • primary is problem with gland
26
Q

cyclical fashion

A
  • hypothalamic and pituitary hormones released in cyclical fashion
  • can be affected by time of day and behavior
  • GH at noon and midnight
27
Q

hypothalamus and anterior pit

A
  • vascular connections to ant pit
  • pit gland highly vascularized and lies at the base of brain in sella tucica
  • secretion of pit hormones regulated via vascular connections
  • venous blood carrying neuropeptides from the hypothal and pit stalk to different cell types in the gland
  • axons from hypothalamic nuclei extend to the median eminance, where they release hormones into the hypophyseal portal circulation, carries them to anterior pit
  • the hormones inhibit or stimulate the release of various trophic hormones into the systemic blood
  • protein and glycoproteins
  • neurons-portal system-anterior pit
28
Q

hypothal and post pit

A
  • arterial blood
  • neural connections to hypothal
  • axons from hypothalamic nuclei extend to the posterior pit (supraoptic and paraventricular)
  • hormones oxytocin and ADH stored until they are released into systemic bloodstream
  • receives arterial blood
  • smaller molecular mass peptides that are associated with neurophysins

*neurons-post pit

29
Q

GHRH

A
  • inhibited by somatostatin
  • from hypothal to somatotroph cell in ant pit
  • ant pit secretes GH
  • to multiple somatic tissues
30
Q

TRH

A
  • to thyrotroph cell in anterior pit
  • secretes TSH
  • to thyroid to make thyroid hormone
31
Q

CRH

A
  • to corticotroph cell in ant pit
  • ant pit secretes ATCH
  • fasciculata and reticularis cells of adrenal cortex, to make corticosteroids
32
Q

GnRH

A
  • to gonadotroph cell in pit
  • ant pit secretes FSH and LH
  • FSH to ovarian follicular cells, to make estrogens and progestins, sertoli cells to make sperm
  • LH to ovarian to make estrogen and progestins, to leydig cells to make testosterone
33
Q

dopamine from hypothal

A
  • to ant pit
  • inhibits lactotroph cell
  • inhibits secretion of prolactin
34
Q

post pit

A

ADH, oxytocin to post pit and stored until release

35
Q

distinguishing cell types

A
  • use size and cellular stains
  • large acidophilic cells are somatotropes are 30% of secreting cells and release GH
  • basophilic cells are corticotropes represent 20% of secreting cells and release ACTH
  • territories occupied by different cell types can be dynamic
  • increase in lactotrophic cells during pregnancy
36
Q

negative/positive feedback

A
  • females negative until right before ovulation
  • pos and neg feedback control amounts of circulating hormones
  • closed loop systems that can be simple or involve hierarchical control
  • system senses when it should increase or decrease activity
  • peptides that feedback on HPA can pass BBB
  • feedback of hormones released from peripheral glands onto HPA is long loop
  • short loop is anterior pit feeding back on hypothal
37
Q

prolactin

A
  • under tonic inhibitory control
  • TRH small stimulus
  • dopamine inhibits, so do dopa agonists (bromocriptine)
  • antagonists can cause decrease in inhibition and change breast tissue
  • prolactin has neg feedback on own release by enhancing dopamine via short loop pathway
  • circulating prolactin increases if the pit stalk is severed or an individual is taking dopamine antagonist
38
Q

post pit hormones

A
  • pre pro to pro in hypothal
  • pro to actual hormone and neurophysins in axon
  • hormone and neurphysins released together
39
Q

oxytocin

A
  • promotes milk let down and uterine contractions
  • responds to suckling
  • responds with contractions in response to cervix
  • can also be secreted in response to sight, smell, sound of an infant and orgasm
  • the hypothalamic cell bodies that synthesize oxytocin are primarily in the paraventricular nuclei
40
Q

ADH

A
  • supraoptic nuclei
  • stored and released in post pit
  • main function is water balance
  • it is released in response to increased osmolarity of extracellular fluid and decreased blood pressure
  • major effect of promoting water reabsorption from the kidney
  • when ADH is high, low volume of concentrated urine is produced
41
Q

ADH and volume contraction

A
  • increases in response to volume contraction- losing blood need to keep fluid
  • also decreases with volume expansion- drinking too much water
  • ADH major regulator of fluid osmolarity
  • secretion increases in response to increase serum osmolarity (dehydration)
  • promotes water reabsorption- decreases osmolarity- V2 receptor
  • V1 causes contraction of smooth muscle which increases TPR
42
Q

central diabetes insipidus

A
  • failure of post pit to secrete ADH
  • produce large volumes of dilute uring
  • body fluids become concentrated
43
Q

hypopituitarism

A
  • insufficiency of pit to release hormones
  • insufficiency of hypothalamic releasing hormones
  • multiple causes- pit tumor/brain damage
  • clinical symptoms are unspecific, can be life threatening and lead to increased mortality
  • TBI or subarachnoid hemorrhage
  • brain tumor causes might be more common than adenomas
44
Q

corticotropin deficiency

A
  • chronic: fatigue, pallor, anorexia, weight loss
  • hypocalcaemia, hypotension, anaemia, lymphocytosis, eosinophilia, hyponatraemia
  • acute:weakness, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, circulatory collapse, fever, shock
  • children: delayed puberty, FTT
45
Q

thyrotropin deficiency

A
  • tiredness, cold intolerance, constipation, hair loss, dry skin, hoarseness, cognitive slowing
  • weight gain, bradycardia, hypotension
  • children-retarded development, growth retardation
46
Q

gonadotropin deficiency

A

women: oligoamenorrhea, loss of libido, dyspareunia, infertility
- osteoporosis
men: loss of libido, impaired sexual function, mood impairment, loss of facial, scrotal, and trunk hair
- decreased muscle mass, osteoporosis, anaemia
- children: delayed puberty

47
Q

growth hormone deficiency

A
  • decreased muscle mass strength, visceral obesity, fatigue, decreased QOL, impairment of attention and memory
  • children:growth retardation
48
Q

ADH deficiency

A
  • polyuria, polydipsia

- decreased urine osmolarity, hypernatraemia, polyuria

Physiology Unit 6 (12 decks)

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