Intro to Endo

Question 1

no of roots & canals in maxillary 1-3

Answer 1

central incisor = 1 root (apical curve) & 1 canal
lateral incisor = 1 root (dist apical curve) & 1 canal
canine = 1 root (dist + labial apical curve) & 1 canal

Question 2

no of roots & canals in maxillary premolars

Answer 2

1st = 2-3 roots & 95% have 2 canals
2nd = 1-3 roots & 75% 1 canal, 24% 2 canals

Question 3

no of roots & canals in maxillary molars

Answer 3

1st = 3 roots & 93% 4 canals, 7% 3 canals
2nd = 3 roots & 63% 3 canals, 37% 2 canals
3rd = 1-3 roots

Question 4

no of roots & canals in mandibular 1-3

Answer 4

central incisor = 1 root (dist apical curve) & 58% 1 canal, 42% 2 canals
lateral incisor = 1 root (dist apical curve) & 58% 1 canal, 42% 2 canals
canine = 1 root (dist/labial curve) & 94% 1 canal, 6% 2 canals

Question 5

no of roots & canals in mandibular premolars

Answer 5

1st = 1 root & 73% 1 canal, 27% 2 canals
2nd = 1 root & 85% 1 canal, 15% 2 canals

Question 6

no of roots & canals in mandibular molars

Answer 6

1st = 2-3 roots & 67% 3 canals, 33% 4 canals
2nd 2 roots & 79% 3 canals, 13% 2 canals, 8% 4 canals
3rd = 1-2 roots

Question 7

how does biofilm resistance work

Answer 7

1. antimicrobials may fail to penetrate beyond the surface layers of the biofilm
2. antimicrobials may be trapped & destroyed by enzymes
3. antimicrobials may not be active against non growing microorganisms
4. expression of biofilm specific resistance genes e.g. efflux pumps
5. stress response to hostile environmental conditions e.g. leading to an overexpression of an antimicrobial agent destroying enzymes