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EHD Block 1 > Intro to embryology > Flashcards

Intro to embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What is Embryology?

A

The study of the continuous process of the development of the human from a single cell to a baby

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2
Q

What is developmental anatomy?

A

The structural change of a person from fertilization to adulthood

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3
Q

What is Teratology?

A

The division of embryology and pathology that deals with abnormal development (birth defects)

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4
Q

What are 3 stages of prenatal development?

A
  1. Preimplantation period
  2. Embryonic period (1-8 weeks)
  3. Fetal period (9th week)
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5
Q

What is a Trimester?

A

A period of 3 months, one third of the length of a pregnancy

*Most critical is the 1st trimester (13 weeks)

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6
Q

What is Preimplantation period?

A
  1. Period of the egg
  2. Extends from the time of fertilization until formation of the blastocyst
  3. Implantation of the blastocyst into the uterine wall about one week after fertilization

From: unfertilized ovum to conception, to zygote, to 1st mitotic division, to 2-cell stage, to 16-cell morula, to 58-cell blastocyst, to 107-cell blastocyst, to the uterine wall

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7
Q

What is the embryonic period?

A
  1. Starts at the end of the first week of gestation, after implantation is initiated
  2. Ends at the end of the 8th week (56 day)

*Organs form from 3 primary germ tissues

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8
Q

What is the Fetal period?

A
  1. Period characterized by rapid growth of the fetus and functional maturation of its organ systems
  2. From weeks 9 to 38 after conception

*Organs grow in size and complexity

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9
Q

What are 3 major stages of embryonic development?

A
  1. Zygote
  2. Morula
  3. Blastocyst
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10
Q

What is a Gametogenesis?

A

The formation of the gametes, the egg, and sperm

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11
Q

What is Fertilization?

A

The joining of the gametes to form the zygote

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12
Q

What is Cleavage?

A

1 A series of rapid cell divisions that result first in the formation of the morula (individual blastomeres)

  1. Then the morula enters the uterine cavity for the formation of the blastocyst
  2. During cleavage, the zygote is within the zona pellucida
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13
Q

What is Gastrulation?

A

The rearrangement of cells in the embryonic region of the implanted blastocyst into 3 primary germ layers to form the embryonic disc

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14
Q

What are the 3 germ layers?

A
  1. Ectoderm
  2. Mesoderm
  3. Endoderm
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15
Q

What is Trophoblast?

A

Formed by the outer cell mass, which surrounds the inner cells and the blastocyst cavity

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16
Q

What is the Organogenesis?

A

The formation of organ rudiments and organ systems

*Formation of the tube-within-a-tube body plan and organogenesis occurs at the same time

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17
Q

What is the Formation of the tube-within-a-tube body plan?

A
  1. Conversion, through body folding, of the embryonic disc into a C-shaped embryonic body
  2. Consisting of an outer ectodermal tube (future skin) and inner endodermal tube (the gut tube)
  3. With the mesoderm interposed between the two tubes
18
Q

What infectious agents influence teratogenes?

A
  1. Rubella virus (Causes babies to have microcephaly, PDA, and cataracts )
  2. Herpes simplex

*virus are able to travel through the umbilical cord

19
Q

What is Teratogenesis? (teratogenes)

A

The process by which congenital malformations are produced in an embryo or fetus

20
Q

What physical agents influence teratogenesis? (teratogenes)

A
  1. X-rays (avoid on pregnant women)
  2. Hyperthermia

*Spina bifida from the physical agent hyperthermia causes an open defect. (spinal cord doesn’t close and sticks out)

21
Q

What Chemical agents influence teratogenes?

A
  1. Alcohol
  2. Isotretinoin (Small and abnormal sharp ears/cleft palate; Rx used for Accutane)
  3. Thalidomide (limb defects/heart malformation; Rx used for leprosy)
  4. Aspirin (low birth rate/infant death)
  5. Heavy caffeine (miscarriage/premature births)
22
Q

What is the duration of the fetal period?

A
  1. Normal duration is 40 weeks after LMP
  2. Or 38 weeks after fertilization
  • Before 38 weeks: premature
  • After 42 weeks: Post mature
23
Q

What is Nagele’s rule?

A
  1. LMP+7days-3months
24
Q

What is the period for Infancy?

A
  1. The first year after birth

* Younger than 1 month is known as neonate

25
Q

What is the period for childhood?

A

The period between infancy and puberty

26
Q

What is the period for puberty?

A
  1. Period when humans develop procreation of the reproductive organs
  • women: age 8
  • men: age 9
27
Q

What is the period for adulthood?

A
  1. Between the ages 18 and 21

* Ossification and growth are virtually completed during early adulthood (21 to 25 years old)

28
Q

What are 4 anatomical positions in a human?

A
  1. Anterior (or ventral for fetus)
  2. Posterior (Dorsal)
  3. Superior (Cranial )
  4. Inferior (Caudal)
29
Q

What is induction?

A
  1. Process of the interaction of the different types of tissue (mesenchyme and epithelium)
  2. Includes an INDUCER and RESPONDER
  3. The capacity to respond the signaling from the other tissues known as COMPETENCE
30
Q

What is competence in the induction process?

A
  1. Activated by a competence factor

* Cell signaling is essential for induction

31
Q

What is the Paracrine Signaling?

A
  1. Type of signaling from one cell to another where proteins synthesized by one cell diffuse short distances to interact with other cells. (diffusable proteins)
    * Cells release signals that affect nearby target cells
    * Includes a signaling molecule (the ligand) and a receptor
32
Q

What is the pathway for Paracrine signaling?

A
  1. Ligand (inducer) binds to receptor
  2. Activates enzymatic activity (kinase) that can phosphorylate other proteins
  3. Chain reaction of phosphorylation activates transcription factor
  4. The transcription factor activates or inhibits gene expression as it enters the nucleus
33
Q

What is Juxtacrine signaling?

A
  1. Doesn’t involve diffusable factors
  2. A protein on one cell surface interacts with a receptor on an adjacent cell
  3. Ligands in the ECM are secreted by one cell interaction with their receptors on neighboring cells
  4. A direct transmission of signals from one cell to another by gap junctions
34
Q

What is GDFs?

A
  1. The diffusable proteins responsible for
    paracrine signaling

Growth differential factors (other name for paracrine factors)

35
Q

What is the Hedgehog signaling?

A
  1. Three types:
    a. desert
    b. Indian
    c. sonic
  2. “Master gene for embryogenesis
  3. Contain multiple enhancer elements
36
Q

What are 4 types of signaling neurotransmitters?

A
  1. Serotonin
  2. GABA (or gamma amino butyric acid)
  3. Epinephrine
  4. Norepinephrine
37
Q

What is the pathway for Hedgehog signaling?

A
  1. After translation the protein is cleaved and cholesterol is added to its C-terminus
  2. The palmitic acid is added to its N-terminus and SHH becomes fully functional
  3. It binds to its receptor patched (Ptc)
  4. Removes an inhibition of the receptor-like protein Smoothened (Smo)
  5. Smo simulates the GLI family of transcription factors that control expression of target genes
38
Q

What is the planar cell polarity pathway?

A
  1. Reorganization of cells and cell sheets in the plane of tissue
  2. Leads to the narrowing and elongation of tissues (convergent extension)
39
Q

What genes are involved in the Planar Cell Polarity Pathway?

A
  1. WNT and its receptor FRIZZLED, CELSR, and VANGL that code transmembrane proteins
  2. DISHEVELLED (DVL) that codes for a protein that acts through Rho and Rac kinases to affect the cytoskeleton and other gens that regulate cell movement
40
Q

What is the Notch pathway?

A
  1. Notch transmembrane receptors bind to transmembrane ligands of the DSL family (Delta/Serrate/LAG-2)
  2. There are 4 Notch family members and 5 transmembrane ligands (Jagged 1 and 2 and Delta 1 to 3)
  3. Cleaved portion of the protein enters the nucleus directly and binds to a DNA-binding protein
  4. This removes the inhibitory activity of the repressor and permits activation of the downstream genes

*Takes place in the mesenchymal epithelial interactions

41
Q

What is Abortion?

A
  1. Is a premature stoppage of development and expulsion of a conceptus from the uterus or expulsion of an embryo or fetus before it is viable
42
Q

What are the types of abortion?

A
  1. Threatened abortion (treated and pregnancy can still occur)
  2. Spontaneous abortion
  3. Habitual abortion (The miscarriage of 3 or more consecutive pregnancies)
  4. Induced abortion (medically induced before 20 weeks)
  5. Completed abortion
  6. Complete abortion
  7. Missed abortion (retention of the embryo in the uterus after death)

*Miscarriage (spontaneous abortion of a fetus and its membranes before the middle of the second trimester; 135 days)

EHD Block 1 (6 decks)

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