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Module 2B > Intro to Embryology > Flashcards

Intro to Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

The period immediately after fertilization which spans first 24 hours after the “well-capacitated spermatozoon” has penetrated the “arrested secondary oocyte at Metaphase 2 of 2nd Meiosis”

A

zygotic period

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2
Q

First 2 weeks after fertilization

A

pre-embryonic period

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3
Q

From 3rd week to 8th week of life in-utero following fertilization process

A

embryonic period

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4
Q

9th week to 9th month {or until time of birth or until approximately 38th to 40th week +/- AGE OF GESTATION (AOG)}

A

fetal period

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5
Q

Birth to 1month-old or first 28days after BIRTH

A

neonatal period

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6
Q

1month old until first 2 years of life after BIRTH

A

infancy period

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7
Q

22nd week AOG until first 7 days after BIRTH

A

perinatal period

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8
Q

“embryon”

A

the unborn

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9
Q

“logia”

A

study

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10
Q

“mitos” or “nema”

A

thread

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11
Q

“meioun”

A

lessening

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12
Q

“kinein/kines/kine”

A

move

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13
Q

“teratos”

A

monster

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14
Q

“astheno”

A

weakness

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15
Q

“karyon”

A

walnut/core/nucleus

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16
Q

“zoo-“

A

animal/animalcule

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17
Q

“dia-”

A

through

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18
Q

“osis” or “-ia”

A

a state, a status, a condition, or a process

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19
Q

“di-/diplo”

A

two

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20
Q

“zygos”

A

paired

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21
Q

“pachus”

A

thick

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22
Q

“leptos”

A

thin

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23
Q

“genan”

A

to acquire, to formulate, or to generate

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24
Q

“oo-“

A

ova/egg

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25
Q

“spermatos” or “sperma”

A

male seed

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26
Q

Aka “Equational Division”

A

mitosis

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27
Q

Aka “Reductional Division”

A

meiosis

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28
Q

The meet-up of the pronucleus of the sperm cell (well-capacitate spermatozoon) and the pronucleus of the egg cell (secondary oocyte arrested in Metaphase 2 of Meiosis 2)

A

fertilization

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29
Q

The only type of cells that could undergo Meiosis/Meiotic type of cell division:
A. Macrophages
B. Sperm cells or Egg cells (collectively termed as “gametes”, “germ cells” or “sex cells”)
C. Nerve cells of the brain and spinal cord
D. Smooth muscles cells and Skeletal muscles cells
E. Osteoblast and myoblast

A

B. Sperm cells or Egg cells (collectively termed as “gametes”, “germ cells” or “sex cells”)

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30
Q

This is the specific period in cell cycle where and when the cell grows and functions normally:
A. Interkinesis (aka “Interphase II-A”)
B. Mitosis
C. Meiosis
D. Interphase

A

D. Interphase

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31
Q

Immediately after Telophase &/or Cytokinesis of Mitosis
 Typically the cell carries out its assigned function.
 Cell grows to about double its original size
 Protein syntheses
 Replication of organelles received by daughter cell (except
mitochondria)
 Master genes for Mitosis are NOT yet activated

A

G1

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32
Q

DNA strands received by a daughter cell are replicated via
semi-conservative type of replication.

A

S phase

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33
Q

Which prepares the cell for another round of mitosis for
actively dividing cells to include activation of master genes
for Mitosis. This phase is absent in Interphase of Meiosis

A

G2

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34
Q

Some cells do NOT divide often or ever (e.g. heart/cardiac
smooth muscle cells & neurons) neither replicate their DNA
nor prepare the cell for another round of mitosis. They will
stay in this extended phase called:

A

G0

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35
Q

Phase before Prophase of Mitosis
 Typically the cell continues to carry out its assigned function.
 Cell continues to grow to about double its original size
 Protein syntheses
 Replication of all organelles received by daughter cell
continues to include “mitochondria
 Master genes for Mitosis are activated (cdc-2/CDK-1 + preMPF)

A

G1, S, G2

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36
Q

Interphase prior and after Meiosis is devoid of this specific phase:
A. G0
B. G1
C. S
D. G2

A

D. G2

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37
Q

. The following cells do not divide often or ever, EXCEPT for:
A. Nerves cells
B. Smooth muscles cells
C. Liver cells (hepatocytes)
D. Cardiac muscles cells

A

C. Liver cells (hepatocytes)

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38
Q

Chromatins/chromatids begin to coil, condense, & contract

A

prophase

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39
Q

Chromatids begins to uncoil, unwind, & undergo “decondensation” (a loosening texture of the chromatin)
Simultaneous to this phase is Cytokinesis

A

telophase

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40
Q

46 chromosomes become arranged on an equatorial plane
equidistant from two poles of the dividing cell

A

metaphase

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41
Q

“X”-configurations of x-like chromosomes become highly
distinguishable;
 Assembly of mitotic spindle from microtubules;
 Pole-ward migration of centrioles (with accompanying
perpendicularly-placed pro-centrioles) to opposite ends of
the dividing cell; &
 Breakdown of nucleus’ membrane.

A

prometaphase

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42
Q

Chromatid is initially detached due to initial splitting of
centromere from its sister-homozygous-chromatid due to
the initial “pulling-effect” or “shortening” of mitotic spindles
from centriolar regions.

A

early anaphase

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43
Q

Detached/Separated chromatids start to poleward

A

mid anaphase

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44
Q

Detached chromatids have completely migrated to the
spindle poles due to the contraction of mitotic spindles &
the “pushing-effect” of the mitotic spindles between to
detached sister-chromatids (homozygous chromatids).

A

late anaphase

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45
Q

The following are considered Master Genes for Human Mitosis, EXCEPT FOR:
A. Cdc-2
B. CDK-1
C. MPF
D. Pre-MP

A

C. MPF

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46
Q

Describe “Cytokinesis in Human Mitosis”:
A. EQUAL distribution of cytoplasmic volume but INCOMPLETE separation
B. EQUAL distribution of cytoplasmic volume and COMPLETE separation
C. UNEQUAL distribution of cytoplasmic volume but COMPLETE separation

A

B. EQUAL distribution of cytoplasmic volume and COMPLETE separation

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47
Q

It is when the cell spends most of its time growing & functioning.
A. Interphase
B. Mitosis
C. Interkinesis
D. Meiosis

A

A. Interphase

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48
Q

This “equational” cell division occurs in ALL types of body cells to
including egg/sperm cells (also known as sex cells; germ cells; or
gametes).
A. Interphase
B. Mitosis
C. Interkinesis
D. Meiosis

A

B. Mitosis

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49
Q

This “reductional” cell division is exclusive only for gametes
A. Interphase
B. Mitosis
C. Interkinesis
D. Meiosis

A

D. Meiosis

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50
Q

The real “resting period” lasting for 2-3hours
A. Interphase
B. Mitosis
C. Interkinesis
D. Meiosis

A

C. Interkinesis

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51
Q

Its Cytokinesis is said to be “equal” & “complete”
A. Interphase
B. Mitosis
C. Interkinesis
D. Meiosis

A

B. Mitosis

52
Q

Its Cytokinesis is said to be “equal” but “incomplete” for
spermatocytes
A. Interphase
B. Mitosis
C. Interkinesis
D. Meiosis

A

D. Meiosis

53
Q

Its Cytokinesis is said to be “complete” but “unequal” for oocytes
A. Interphase
B. Mitosis
C. Interkinesis
D. Meiosis

A

D. Meiosis

54
Q

I has a subset of “prolonged prophase”
A. Interphase
B. Mitosis
C. Interkinesis
D. Meiosis

A

D. Meiosis

55
Q

It requires one set of PMAT
A. Interphase
B. Mitosis
C. Interkinesis
D. Meiosis

A

B. Mitosis

56
Q

It requires two sets of PMAT’s interrupted by Interkinesis
A. Interphase
B. Mitosis
C. Interkinesis
D. Meiosis

A

D. Meiosis

57
Q

It will give rise to a final progeny of 4 haploid daughter cells
A. Interphase
B. Mitosis
C. Interkinesis
D. Meiosis

A

D. Meiosis

58
Q

It will give rise to a progeny of 2 identical diploid daughter cells
A. Interphase
B. Mitosis
C. Interkinesis
D. Meiosis

A

B. Mitosis

59
Q

Regulated by CDK-1 or cdc-2 + pre-MPF
A. Interphase
B. Mitosis
C. Interkinesis
D. Meiosis

A

B. Mitosis

60
Q

Regulated by MPF + Sm-84? + Meig-1 genes
A. Interphase
B. Mitosis
C. Interkinesis
D. Meiosis

A

D. Meiosis

61
Q

DNA strands/Chromatids/Chromatids received by daughter cell
after Mitosis & Meiosis are duplicated by “semi-conservative type
of replication”
A. Interphase
B. Mitosis
C. Interkinesis
D. Meiosis

A

A. Interphase

62
Q

46 chromosomes SINGLY align in a single queue on the equatorial
plane during metaphase
A. Interphase
B. Mitosis
C. Interkinesis
D. Meiosis

A

B. Mitosis

63
Q

23 Homologous Chromosomes in PAIRS align in a single queue on
the equatorial plane during its first metaphase
A. Interphase
B. Mitosis
C. Interkinesis
D. Meiosis

A

D. Meiosis

64
Q

cells have two homologous copies of each chromosome, usually one from the mother and one from the father

A

diploid

65
Q

pertains to a condition of a cell, or an organism, that has half of the
usual complete set of chromosomes (usually appreciated amongst
sperm cells and egg cells)

A

haploid

66
Q

Chromosomes becomes highly contracted, condensed, & coiled
 Chiasmata or Chiasma form/s between two “Homologous
Chromosomes” (meaning there is/are link/s between maternal & its
paternal counterpart)
 Process of “Crossing-Over” begins in which exchange of genetic
material ensues through chiasma/ta resulting to formation of HYBRID
or RECOMBINANT Homologous Chromosomes.

A

Pachytene

67
Q

Long, thin, & uncoil Chromatid reunites with its sister long, thin,
& uncoil HOMOZYGOUS Chromatid. “Counterpart of Gap 2”

A

Leptotene

68
Q

Pairing of Chromosome to its HOMOLOGOUS Counterpart
through a process called “SYNAPSIS” with the help of Central
Synaptonemal Complex

A

zygotene

69
Q

Paired HYBRID Homologous Chromosomes start to appear &
during OOGENESIS, this is when & where the egg cell in the form
of PRIMARY OOCYTE will face its first arrest state.

A

diplotene

70
Q

The Meiosis’ counterpart of Mitosis’ “PROMETAPHASE”. Prepares
the dividing cell for METAPHASE. The name of this sub-phase is
from the Greek term which means “moving along”

A

diakinesis

71
Q

leptotene is equivalent to

A

G2 of Interphase prior and after Meiosis

72
Q

diakinesis is equivalent to

A

prometaphase

73
Q

homozygous pairing process happens during

A

leptotene

74
Q

homologous pairing process happens during

A

zygotene

75
Q

Describe “Cytokinesis in Human Oogenesis” during Meiosis:
A. EQUAL distribution of cytoplasmic volume but INCOMPLETE separation
B. EQUAL distribution of cytoplasmic volume and COMPLETE separation
C. UNEQUAL distribution of cytoplasmic volume but COMPLETE separation

A

C. UNEQUAL distribution of cytoplasmic volume but COMPLETE separation

76
Q

Describe “Cytokinesis in Human Spermatogenesis” during Meiosis:
A. EQUAL distribution of cytoplasmic volume but INCOMPLETE separation
B. EQUAL distribution of cytoplasmic volume and COMPLETE separation
C. UNEQUAL distribution of cytoplasmic volume but COMPLETE separation

A

A. EQUAL distribution of cytoplasmic volume but INCOMPLETE separation

77
Q

master gene/s that regulate mitosis

A

MPF + Meig-1 + Sm 84? {Maturation Promoting Factor + Meiosis expressed gene 1 + Sminthopsis 84 (needs citations)}

78
Q

master gene/s that regulate meiosis

A

Caspase by Casp-3 gene

79
Q

master gene/s that induce “Spermiogenesis” of Spermatogenesis

A

Meig-1 gene only (or also known as Meiosis/Spermiogenesis expressed gene 1)

80
Q

master gene/s that induces “apoptosis” or “programmed cell death”

A

CDK-1 or cdc-2 + pre-MPF (Cyclin-Dependent Kinase - 1 gene or cell division cycle 2 control expressed protein 2 homolog gene + pre- Maturation Promoting Factor)

81
Q

master gene/s that puts an egg cell in the form of “primary oocyte” into
its first & continuing arrest state

A

SHH (Sonic Hedgehog)

82
Q

Master gene/s for any “ventral midline structures” of the
human body

A

Purines + cAMP = “OMI”
(Oocyte Maturation
Inhibitor) from surrounding
“follicular cells” of primary
oocyte

83
Q

cell division needed for oocytogenesis

A

mitosis

84
Q

cell division needed for ootidogenesis

A

meiosis

85
Q

The meet-up of the pronucleus of the sperm cell (wellcapacitate spermatozoon) and the pronucleus of the egg
cell (secondary oocyte arrested in Metaphase 2 of
Meiosis 2)

A

Fertilization

86
Q

Extrusion & expulsion of maturing egg cell from ovary
into fallopian tube

A

Ovulation through “stigma” (less of a
bleeder site on ovary’s surface)

87
Q

The initial location of Primordial Germ Cells (PGC’s aka “Gonocytes”) during 3rd week Age-of Gestation (AOG):
A. Most caudal part of the Yolk Sac near the Allantois
B. Inside the Allantois
C. Inside the Cloaca
D. Entire length of Hindgut
E. Hilum or concavity of the Indifferent Gonad (future ovary or testis)

A

A. Most caudal part of the Yolk Sac near the Allantois

88
Q

If the PGC’s chromosomal configuration holds 44+X+X
Chromosomes it will differentiate into what type of
gamete?

A

oogonium

89
Q

If the PGC’s chromosomal configuration holds 44+X+Y
Chromosomes it will differentiate into what type of
gamete?

A

spermatogonium

90
Q

The anlage the will become “urinary bladder” &
“anorectal canal (upper half of the anus + rectum)”

A

cloaca

91
Q

The first extra-embryonic excretory unit of the embryo.

A

allantois

92
Q

Will differentiate into latter parts of the Large Intestine

A

hindgut

93
Q

Will differentiate into either “ovary” or “testis”
depending on the presence and absence of YChromosomes carried by PGC’s

A

indifferent gonad

94
Q

Main source of nutrients & hematopoietic tissue (blood
cells) from 10th day to 10th week AOG

A

yolk sac

95
Q

5th Month AOG (4 months before birth)

A

Approx. 7,000,000

96
Q

At time of Birth (9th Month AOG)

A

600,000 – 800,000

97
Q

At the Onset of Puberty (as early as age 9)

A

Approx. 40,000

98
Q

Will be ovulated during the entire course of
Reproductive Years (until age 44)

A

Fewer than 500

99
Q

earliest age for onset of puberty in males

A

age 10

100
Q

earliest age for onset of puberty in females

A

age 9

101
Q

period coverage where the location of PGCs are in the most caudal part of the yolk sac near the allantois

A

3rd

102
Q

period coverage where the PGCs start migrating/moving via “amoeboid movement” from yolk sac > allantois > cloaca > hindgut

A

4th

103
Q

period coverage where the PGCs have reached the hilum of the indifferent gonad

A

5th

104
Q

period coverage where the PGCs start penetrating/invading the medulla the “indifferent gonad”

A

6th

105
Q

Differentiation of “indifferent gonad” into testis or ovary depending
on the chromosomal complement carried by the PGC’s
Likewise, the earliest time when PGC’s turn into oogonia
NOTE: Genotypically Male PGC’s will remain dormant for approximately 10 years

A

7th

106
Q

Puts an egg cell (in the form of “primary oocyte”) into its first & continuing arrest state prior
birth until onset of puberty (for roughly 9 years and 4 months):
A. O.M.I. (cAMP + Purines)
B. Casp-3
C. SHH
D. Meig-1
E. CDK-1/cdc-2

A

A. O.M.I. (cAMP + Purines)

107
Q

Describe “Cytokinesis in Human Oogenesis” during Meiosis:
A. EQUAL distribution of cytoplasmic volume but INCOMPLETE separation
B. EQUAL distribution of cytoplasmic volume and COMPLETE separation
C. UNEQUAL distribution of cytoplasmic volume but COMPLETE separation

A

C. UNEQUAL distribution of cytoplasmic volume but COMPLETE separation

108
Q

First Arrest of Egg Cell happens during this Sub-phase of Prolonged Prophase of Meiosis I:
A. Leptotene
B. Zygotene
C. Pachytene
D. Diplotene
E. Diakinesis

A

E. Diakinesis

109
Q

First Arrest of Egg Cell happens during this Phase of Meiosis II:
A. Prophase II
B. Metaphase II
C. Anaphase II
D. Telophase II

A

B. Metaphase II

110
Q

Needed event to lift and remove the first arrest state of the egg cell:
A. Birth
B. Onset of Puberty
C. First Sexual Intercourse
D. Fertilization
E. 7th week AOG

A

B. Onset of Puberty

111
Q

Needed event to lift and remove the second arrest state of the egg cell:
A. Birth
B. Onset of Puberty
C. First Sexual Intercourse
D. Fertilization
E. 7th week AOG

A

D. Fertilization

112
Q

The time or period when boys and girls start to undergo
sexual maturation and become capable of reproduction

A

puberty

113
Q

Differentiation of “epiblast” into ectoderm, endoderm, &
mesoderm to include PGC’s formation

A

gastrulation

114
Q

The Period of Conditioning which includes denudation or
removal of glycoproteins from the head region of the
spermatozoa to expose at least 13 known hydrolyzing
enzymes of the acrosome of the head.
The needed step that will happen in “intramural
part/pars uterina between Uterus & Fallopian tube) to
make motile & maturing spermatozoa capable to fertilize
the “2ndary Oocyte arrested in Metaphase 2 of 2nd
Meiosis”.

A

capacitation

115
Q

Is the transfer of mature and fully motile spermatozoa
while inside the coagulum semen from the male external
genitalium to female external genitalium

A

ejaculation

116
Q

The meet-up of the pronucleus of the sperm cell (wellcapacitate spermatozoon) and the pronucleus of the egg cell (secondary oocyte arrested in Metaphase 2 of Meiosis 2)

A

fertilization

117
Q

Is the “letting go process” from the care of Sertoli Cells.
The Sertoli Cells induces release of maturing and less
motile Late Spermatids/Spermatozoa

A

spermiation

118
Q

How many years would it take for PGC’s (with 44+X+Y Chromosomal Configurations) to stay
dormant and idle before they could enter Stage 1 of Spermatogenesis?
A. 2 years
B. 5 years
C. 10 years
D. 18 years

A

C. 10 years

119
Q

How many days of rest (rest-days) nature require for Primary Spermatocytes to complete
spontaneously their first and last REST/ARREST state during Meiosis?
A. 8 days
B. 22 days
C. 365 days
D. 114 days

A

B. 22 days

120
Q

(spermiogenesis) needed organelle for: acrosome or acrosomal cap

A

From progressively condensing nucleus. The nuclear size diminishes simultaneous to coiling & contraction of 23 hybrid chromosomes

121
Q

(spermiogenesis) needed organelle for: head of sperm

A

With 75 mitochondria found in 2 spiral sheaths (1 spiral sheath with 25 revolutions and each revolution contain 1 mitochondrion)

122
Q

(spermiogenesis) needed organelle for: flagellum formation

A

Centriole or from centrioloar region with microtubules of mitotic spindles

123
Q

(spermiogenesis) needed organelle for: middle piece’s main content

A

From condensing Golgi apparatuses/complexes or Italian Golgi apparati

124
Q

Describe “Cytokinesis in Human Spermatogenesis” during Meiosis:
A. EQUAL distribution of cytoplasmic volume but INCOMPLETE separation
B. EQUAL distribution of cytoplasmic volume and COMPLETE separation
C. UNEQUAL distribution of cytoplasmic volume but COMPLETE separation

A

A. EQUAL distribution of cytoplasmic volume but INCOMPLETE separation

125
Q

The first and last “Arrest or Rest of a Sperm Cell” happens during this Sub-phase of Prolonged
Prophase of Meiosis I:
A. Leptotene
B. Zygotene
C. Pachytene
D. Diplotene
E. Diakinesis

A

D. Diplotene

126
Q

Needed event to lift and remove the first and last arrest or 22-day rest state of the sperm cell:
A. Birth
B. Circumcision
C. First Sexual Intercourse
D. Fertilization
E. None, it will just proceed spontaneously

A

E. None, it will just proceed spontaneously

127
Q

Key regulatory gene for both Meiosis and Spermiogenesis:
A. Cdc-2
B. CDK-1
C. Pre-MPF
D. SHH
E. Meig-1

A

E. Meig-1

Module 2B (3 decks)

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