Intro to Embryology Flashcards by Lovely Marie Villar

The period immediately after fertilization which spans first 24 hours after the “well-capacitated spermatozoon” has penetrated the “arrested secondary oocyte at Metaphase 2 of 2nd Meiosis”

zygotic period

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First 2 weeks after fertilization

pre-embryonic period

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From 3rd week to 8th week of life in-utero following fertilization process

embryonic period

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9th week to 9th month {or until time of birth or until approximately 38th to 40th week +/- AGE OF GESTATION (AOG)}

fetal period

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Birth to 1month-old or first 28days after BIRTH

neonatal period

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1month old until first 2 years of life after BIRTH

infancy period

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22nd week AOG until first 7 days after BIRTH

perinatal period

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“embryon”

the unborn

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“logia”

study

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“mitos” or “nema”

thread

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“meioun”

lessening

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“kinein/kines/kine”

move

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“teratos”

monster

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“astheno”

weakness

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“karyon”

walnut/core/nucleus

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“zoo-“

animal/animalcule

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“dia-”

through

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“osis” or “-ia”

a state, a status, a condition, or a process

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“di-/diplo”

two

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“zygos”

paired

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“pachus”

thick

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“leptos”

thin

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“genan”

to acquire, to formulate, or to generate

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“oo-“

ova/egg

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“spermatos” or “sperma”

male seed

Aka “Equational Division”

mitosis

Aka “Reductional Division”

meiosis

The meet-up of the pronucleus of the sperm cell (well-capacitate spermatozoon) and the pronucleus of the egg cell (secondary oocyte arrested in Metaphase 2 of Meiosis 2)

fertilization

The only type of cells that could undergo Meiosis/Meiotic type of cell division: A. Macrophages B. Sperm cells or Egg cells (collectively termed as “gametes”, “germ cells” or “sex cells”) C. Nerve cells of the brain and spinal cord D. Smooth muscles cells and Skeletal muscles cells E. Osteoblast and myoblast

B. Sperm cells or Egg cells (collectively termed as “gametes”, “germ cells” or “sex cells”)

This is the specific period in cell cycle where and when the cell grows and functions normally: A. Interkinesis (aka “Interphase II-A”) B. Mitosis C. Meiosis D. Interphase

D. Interphase

Immediately after Telophase &/or Cytokinesis of Mitosis  Typically the cell carries out its assigned function.  Cell grows to about double its original size  Protein syntheses  Replication of organelles received by daughter cell (except mitochondria)  Master genes for Mitosis are NOT yet activated

DNA strands received by a daughter cell are replicated via semi-conservative type of replication.

S phase

Which prepares the cell for another round of mitosis for actively dividing cells to include activation of master genes for Mitosis. This phase is absent in Interphase of Meiosis

Some cells do NOT divide often or ever (e.g. heart/cardiac smooth muscle cells & neurons) neither replicate their DNA nor prepare the cell for another round of mitosis. They will stay in this extended phase called:

Phase before Prophase of Mitosis  Typically the cell continues to carry out its assigned function.  Cell continues to grow to about double its original size  Protein syntheses  Replication of all organelles received by daughter cell continues to include “mitochondria  Master genes for Mitosis are activated (cdc-2/CDK-1 + preMPF)

G1, S, G2

Interphase prior and after Meiosis is devoid of this specific phase: A. G0 B. G1 C. S D. G2

D. G2

. The following cells do not divide often or ever, EXCEPT for: A. Nerves cells B. Smooth muscles cells C. Liver cells (hepatocytes) D. Cardiac muscles cells

C. Liver cells (hepatocytes)

Chromatins/chromatids begin to coil, condense, & contract

prophase

Chromatids begins to uncoil, unwind, & undergo “decondensation” (a loosening texture of the chromatin) Simultaneous to this phase is Cytokinesis

telophase

46 chromosomes become arranged on an equatorial plane equidistant from two poles of the dividing cell

metaphase

“X”-configurations of x-like chromosomes become highly distinguishable;  Assembly of mitotic spindle from microtubules;  Pole-ward migration of centrioles (with accompanying perpendicularly-placed pro-centrioles) to opposite ends of the dividing cell; &  Breakdown of nucleus’ membrane.

prometaphase

Chromatid is initially detached due to initial splitting of centromere from its sister-homozygous-chromatid due to the initial “pulling-effect” or “shortening” of mitotic spindles from centriolar regions.

early anaphase

Detached/Separated chromatids start to poleward

mid anaphase

Detached chromatids have completely migrated to the spindle poles due to the contraction of mitotic spindles & the “pushing-effect” of the mitotic spindles between to detached sister-chromatids (homozygous chromatids).

late anaphase

The following are considered Master Genes for Human Mitosis, EXCEPT FOR: A. Cdc-2 B. CDK-1 C. MPF D. Pre-MP

C. MPF

Describe “Cytokinesis in Human Mitosis”: A. EQUAL distribution of cytoplasmic volume but INCOMPLETE separation B. EQUAL distribution of cytoplasmic volume and COMPLETE separation C. UNEQUAL distribution of cytoplasmic volume but COMPLETE separation

B. EQUAL distribution of cytoplasmic volume and COMPLETE separation

It is when the cell spends most of its time growing & functioning. A. Interphase B. Mitosis C. Interkinesis D. Meiosis

A. Interphase

This “equational” cell division occurs in ALL types of body cells to including egg/sperm cells (also known as sex cells; germ cells; or gametes). A. Interphase B. Mitosis C. Interkinesis D. Meiosis

B. Mitosis

This “reductional” cell division is exclusive only for gametes A. Interphase B. Mitosis C. Interkinesis D. Meiosis

D. Meiosis

The real “resting period” lasting for 2-3hours A. Interphase B. Mitosis C. Interkinesis D. Meiosis

C. Interkinesis

Its Cytokinesis is said to be “equal” & “complete” A. Interphase B. Mitosis C. Interkinesis D. Meiosis

B. Mitosis

Its Cytokinesis is said to be “equal” but “incomplete” for spermatocytes A. Interphase B. Mitosis C. Interkinesis D. Meiosis

D. Meiosis

Its Cytokinesis is said to be “complete” but “unequal” for oocytes A. Interphase B. Mitosis C. Interkinesis D. Meiosis

D. Meiosis

I has a subset of “prolonged prophase” A. Interphase B. Mitosis C. Interkinesis D. Meiosis

D. Meiosis

It requires one set of PMAT A. Interphase B. Mitosis C. Interkinesis D. Meiosis

B. Mitosis

It requires two sets of PMAT’s interrupted by Interkinesis A. Interphase B. Mitosis C. Interkinesis D. Meiosis

D. Meiosis

It will give rise to a final progeny of 4 haploid daughter cells A. Interphase B. Mitosis C. Interkinesis D. Meiosis

D. Meiosis

It will give rise to a progeny of 2 identical diploid daughter cells A. Interphase B. Mitosis C. Interkinesis D. Meiosis

B. Mitosis

Regulated by CDK-1 or cdc-2 + pre-MPF A. Interphase B. Mitosis C. Interkinesis D. Meiosis

B. Mitosis

Regulated by MPF + Sm-84? + Meig-1 genes A. Interphase B. Mitosis C. Interkinesis D. Meiosis

D. Meiosis

DNA strands/Chromatids/Chromatids received by daughter cell after Mitosis & Meiosis are duplicated by “semi-conservative type of replication” A. Interphase B. Mitosis C. Interkinesis D. Meiosis

A. Interphase

46 chromosomes SINGLY align in a single queue on the equatorial plane during metaphase A. Interphase B. Mitosis C. Interkinesis D. Meiosis

B. Mitosis

23 Homologous Chromosomes in PAIRS align in a single queue on the equatorial plane during its first metaphase A. Interphase B. Mitosis C. Interkinesis D. Meiosis

D. Meiosis

cells have two homologous copies of each chromosome, usually one from the mother and one from the father

diploid

pertains to a condition of a cell, or an organism, that has half of the usual complete set of chromosomes (usually appreciated amongst sperm cells and egg cells)

haploid

Chromosomes becomes highly contracted, condensed, & coiled  Chiasmata or Chiasma form/s between two “Homologous Chromosomes” (meaning there is/are link/s between maternal & its paternal counterpart)  Process of “Crossing-Over” begins in which exchange of genetic material ensues through chiasma/ta resulting to formation of HYBRID or RECOMBINANT Homologous Chromosomes.

Pachytene

Long, thin, & uncoil Chromatid reunites with its sister long, thin, & uncoil HOMOZYGOUS Chromatid. “Counterpart of Gap 2”

Leptotene

Pairing of Chromosome to its HOMOLOGOUS Counterpart through a process called “SYNAPSIS” with the help of Central Synaptonemal Complex

zygotene

Paired HYBRID Homologous Chromosomes start to appear & during OOGENESIS, this is when & where the egg cell in the form of PRIMARY OOCYTE will face its first arrest state.

diplotene

The Meiosis’ counterpart of Mitosis’ “PROMETAPHASE”. Prepares the dividing cell for METAPHASE. The name of this sub-phase is from the Greek term which means “moving along”

diakinesis

leptotene is equivalent to

G2 of Interphase prior and after Meiosis

diakinesis is equivalent to

prometaphase

homozygous pairing process happens during

leptotene

homologous pairing process happens during

zygotene

Describe “Cytokinesis in Human Oogenesis” during Meiosis: A. EQUAL distribution of cytoplasmic volume but INCOMPLETE separation B. EQUAL distribution of cytoplasmic volume and COMPLETE separation C. UNEQUAL distribution of cytoplasmic volume but COMPLETE separation

C. UNEQUAL distribution of cytoplasmic volume but COMPLETE separation

Describe “Cytokinesis in Human Spermatogenesis” during Meiosis: A. EQUAL distribution of cytoplasmic volume but INCOMPLETE separation B. EQUAL distribution of cytoplasmic volume and COMPLETE separation C. UNEQUAL distribution of cytoplasmic volume but COMPLETE separation

A. EQUAL distribution of cytoplasmic volume but INCOMPLETE separation

master gene/s that regulate mitosis

MPF + Meig-1 + Sm 84? {Maturation Promoting Factor + Meiosis expressed gene 1 + Sminthopsis 84 (needs citations)}

master gene/s that regulate meiosis

Caspase by Casp-3 gene

master gene/s that induce “Spermiogenesis” of Spermatogenesis

Meig-1 gene only (or also known as Meiosis/Spermiogenesis expressed gene 1)

master gene/s that induces “apoptosis” or “programmed cell death”

CDK-1 or cdc-2 + pre-MPF (Cyclin-Dependent Kinase - 1 gene or cell division cycle 2 control expressed protein 2 homolog gene + pre- Maturation Promoting Factor)

master gene/s that puts an egg cell in the form of “primary oocyte” into its first & continuing arrest state

SHH (Sonic Hedgehog)

Master gene/s for any “ventral midline structures” of the human body

Purines + cAMP = “OMI” (Oocyte Maturation Inhibitor) from surrounding “follicular cells” of primary oocyte

cell division needed for oocytogenesis

mitosis

cell division needed for ootidogenesis

meiosis

The meet-up of the pronucleus of the sperm cell (wellcapacitate spermatozoon) and the pronucleus of the egg cell (secondary oocyte arrested in Metaphase 2 of Meiosis 2)

Fertilization

Extrusion & expulsion of maturing egg cell from ovary into fallopian tube

Ovulation through “stigma” (less of a bleeder site on ovary’s surface)

The initial location of Primordial Germ Cells (PGC’s aka “Gonocytes”) during 3rd week Age-of Gestation (AOG): A. Most caudal part of the Yolk Sac near the Allantois B. Inside the Allantois C. Inside the Cloaca D. Entire length of Hindgut E. Hilum or concavity of the Indifferent Gonad (future ovary or testis)

A. Most caudal part of the Yolk Sac near the Allantois

If the PGC’s chromosomal configuration holds 44+X+X Chromosomes it will differentiate into what type of gamete?

oogonium

If the PGC’s chromosomal configuration holds 44+X+Y Chromosomes it will differentiate into what type of gamete?

spermatogonium

The anlage the will become “urinary bladder” & “anorectal canal (upper half of the anus + rectum)”

cloaca

The first extra-embryonic excretory unit of the embryo.

allantois

Will differentiate into latter parts of the Large Intestine

hindgut

Will differentiate into either “ovary” or “testis” depending on the presence and absence of YChromosomes carried by PGC’s

indifferent gonad

Main source of nutrients & hematopoietic tissue (blood cells) from 10th day to 10th week AOG

yolk sac

5th Month AOG (4 months before birth)

Approx. 7,000,000

At time of Birth (9th Month AOG)

600,000 – 800,000

At the Onset of Puberty (as early as age 9)

Approx. 40,000

Will be ovulated during the entire course of Reproductive Years (until age 44)

Fewer than 500

earliest age for onset of puberty in males

age 10

earliest age for onset of puberty in females

age 9

period coverage where the location of PGCs are in the most caudal part of the yolk sac near the allantois

3rd

period coverage where the PGCs start migrating/moving via “amoeboid movement” from yolk sac > allantois > cloaca > hindgut

4th

period coverage where the PGCs have reached the hilum of the indifferent gonad

5th

period coverage where the PGCs start penetrating/invading the medulla the "indifferent gonad"

6th

Differentiation of “indifferent gonad” into testis or ovary depending on the chromosomal complement carried by the PGC’s Likewise, the earliest time when PGC’s turn into oogonia NOTE: Genotypically Male PGC’s will remain dormant for approximately 10 years

7th

Puts an egg cell (in the form of “primary oocyte”) into its first & continuing arrest state prior birth until onset of puberty (for roughly 9 years and 4 months): A. O.M.I. (cAMP + Purines) B. Casp-3 C. SHH D. Meig-1 E. CDK-1/cdc-2

A. O.M.I. (cAMP + Purines)

C. UNEQUAL distribution of cytoplasmic volume but COMPLETE separation

First Arrest of Egg Cell happens during this Sub-phase of Prolonged Prophase of Meiosis I: A. Leptotene B. Zygotene C. Pachytene D. Diplotene E. Diakinesis

E. Diakinesis

First Arrest of Egg Cell happens during this Phase of Meiosis II: A. Prophase II B. Metaphase II C. Anaphase II D. Telophase II

B. Metaphase II

Needed event to lift and remove the first arrest state of the egg cell: A. Birth B. Onset of Puberty C. First Sexual Intercourse D. Fertilization E. 7th week AOG

B. Onset of Puberty

Needed event to lift and remove the second arrest state of the egg cell: A. Birth B. Onset of Puberty C. First Sexual Intercourse D. Fertilization E. 7th week AOG

D. Fertilization

The time or period when boys and girls start to undergo sexual maturation and become capable of reproduction

puberty

Differentiation of “epiblast” into ectoderm, endoderm, & mesoderm to include PGC’s formation

gastrulation

The Period of Conditioning which includes denudation or removal of glycoproteins from the head region of the spermatozoa to expose at least 13 known hydrolyzing enzymes of the acrosome of the head. The needed step that will happen in “intramural part/pars uterina between Uterus & Fallopian tube) to make motile & maturing spermatozoa capable to fertilize the “2ndary Oocyte arrested in Metaphase 2 of 2nd Meiosis”.

capacitation

Is the transfer of mature and fully motile spermatozoa while inside the coagulum semen from the male external genitalium to female external genitalium

ejaculation

The meet-up of the pronucleus of the sperm cell (wellcapacitate spermatozoon) and the pronucleus of the egg cell (secondary oocyte arrested in Metaphase 2 of Meiosis 2)

fertilization

Is the “letting go process” from the care of Sertoli Cells. The Sertoli Cells induces release of maturing and less motile Late Spermatids/Spermatozoa

spermiation

How many years would it take for PGC’s (with 44+X+Y Chromosomal Configurations) to stay dormant and idle before they could enter Stage 1 of Spermatogenesis? A. 2 years B. 5 years C. 10 years D. 18 years

C. 10 years

How many days of rest (rest-days) nature require for Primary Spermatocytes to complete spontaneously their first and last REST/ARREST state during Meiosis? A. 8 days B. 22 days C. 365 days D. 114 days

B. 22 days

(spermiogenesis) needed organelle for: acrosome or acrosomal cap

From progressively condensing nucleus. The nuclear size diminishes simultaneous to coiling & contraction of 23 hybrid chromosomes

(spermiogenesis) needed organelle for: head of sperm

With 75 mitochondria found in 2 spiral sheaths (1 spiral sheath with 25 revolutions and each revolution contain 1 mitochondrion)

(spermiogenesis) needed organelle for: flagellum formation

Centriole or from centrioloar region with microtubules of mitotic spindles

(spermiogenesis) needed organelle for: middle piece's main content

From condensing Golgi apparatuses/complexes or Italian Golgi apparati

A. EQUAL distribution of cytoplasmic volume but INCOMPLETE separation

The first and last “Arrest or Rest of a Sperm Cell” happens during this Sub-phase of Prolonged Prophase of Meiosis I: A. Leptotene B. Zygotene C. Pachytene D. Diplotene E. Diakinesis

D. Diplotene

Needed event to lift and remove the first and last arrest or 22-day rest state of the sperm cell: A. Birth B. Circumcision C. First Sexual Intercourse D. Fertilization E. None, it will just proceed spontaneously

E. None, it will just proceed spontaneously

Key regulatory gene for both Meiosis and Spermiogenesis: A. Cdc-2 B. CDK-1 C. Pre-MPF D. SHH E. Meig-1

E. Meig-1

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Intro to Embryology Flashcards

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