Intro to disorders Flashcards
What are some things that owners may report of seeing?
Discoloured urine Pollakiuria - increased frequency Stranguria - straining, painful Dysuria - difficult or painful Nocturia - urinating at night Polyuria/polydipsia Urinary incontinence Vomiting Anorexia Depression Weight loss etc.
Define azotaemia and uraemia?
Azotaemia
-Increased concentration of non-protein nitrogenous substances, mainly creatinine and urea
Uraemia
-Consequences of azotaemia, the clinical signs
What are some common problems associated with urinary tract disorders?
Azotaemia Uraemia Proteinuria Urethral obstructoin Urinary calculi Urinary tract infection Idiopathic lower urinary tract inflammation
How can you differentiate haemoglobinuria from myoglobinuria?
By taking a sample and spinning it down
If from myoglobin, the serum will be clear and will have no anaemia
If from haemoglobin, the serum will have haemolysis and anaemia
What is haematuria?
Blood in the urine
If you see red/brown urine, what are the 2 broad categories of what it could be?
Haematuria
Pseudohaematuria/Pigmenturia-Haemoglobinuria or myoglobinuria
What is haemoglobinuria usually indicate?
Intravascular haemolysis
If you find haemoglobinuria, what 3 things should you then check/look for?
Check for anaemia and autoagglutination
Directly check for intravascular haemolysis
Look for underlying causes of haemolysis
What are the 6 main differentials for haemoglobinuria?
Immune mediated haemolytic anaemia with intravascular haemolysis Toxicity - Zinc, onion, copper Vena caval syndrome DIC Microangiopathy Inherited RBC defects
How can vena caval syndrome look like haemoglobinuria?
Because of the clots associated with it, this causes bursting of RBC’s as they go past
How can microangiopathy look like haemoglobinuria?
The fibres in the vessels cause garroting of RBC’s
What organ is responsible for immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia?
The spleen
What does myoglobinuria indicate?
Severe muscle damage
- Tying up
- Snake envenomation
What does haematuria indicate?
Bleeding into the urogenital tract
What do you need to check if you find haematuria?
Check the urogenital structures for local bleeding lesions
-If none found then look at haemostatic disorders as root cause
What are the 3 differential diagnosis for haematuria?
Bleeding from genital structure -Prostate, vagina, uterus Bleeding from urinary tract -Urethra, bladder, kidney, ureter Haemostatic disorder
When will you see haematuria only at the beginning of the urine stream?
When it is from the urethra or other lower urinary structures
When will you see bleeding from the prepuce or vulva at times other than urination?
If it is from the prostate or female reproductive tract
When will you see haematuria associated with a lot of straining and increased frequency of urination?
When it is from a local source
When will you see haematuria with RBC casts present in the urine sediment?
When it is coming from the kidneys
4 year old male Doberman Pinscher
Occasionally has blood at the start of his urine stream. Sometime he also drips blood from his prepuce other than urination. Otherwise he feels well.
Where is the blood coming from?
Either the prostate or urethra
3 year old male Welsh Corgi.
Has blood mixed in thoroughly with urine. Urine sediment shows RBC casts, few WBC’s and no bacteria. No straining or increased frequency of urination.
Where is the blood coming from?
The kidneys
-Either renal tubules or glomeruli most likely
What are the 2 categories of causes of straining to urinate?
Obstruction
Inflammation
What are 4 things that can cause urethral obstruction leading to pollakiuria/stranguria/dysuria?
Calculi - Stones, uroliths
Mucus or struvite plugs
Neoplasia
Functional - reflex dyssynergia
