Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A - Medicine Urology > Intro to disorders > Flashcards

Intro to disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What are some things that owners may report of seeing?

A 
Discoloured urine
Pollakiuria - increased frequency
Stranguria - straining, painful
Dysuria - difficult or painful
Nocturia - urinating at night
Polyuria/polydipsia 
Urinary incontinence
Vomiting
Anorexia
Depression 
Weight loss etc.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define azotaemia and uraemia?

A

Azotaemia
-Increased concentration of non-protein nitrogenous substances, mainly creatinine and urea
Uraemia
-Consequences of azotaemia, the clinical signs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are some common problems associated with urinary tract disorders?

A 
Azotaemia
Uraemia
Proteinuria
Urethral obstructoin
Urinary calculi 
Urinary tract infection
Idiopathic lower urinary tract inflammation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How can you differentiate haemoglobinuria from myoglobinuria?

A

By taking a sample and spinning it down
If from myoglobin, the serum will be clear and will have no anaemia
If from haemoglobin, the serum will have haemolysis and anaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is haematuria?

A

Blood in the urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

If you see red/brown urine, what are the 2 broad categories of what it could be?

A

Haematuria

Pseudohaematuria/Pigmenturia-Haemoglobinuria or myoglobinuria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is haemoglobinuria usually indicate?

A

Intravascular haemolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

If you find haemoglobinuria, what 3 things should you then check/look for?

A

Check for anaemia and autoagglutination
Directly check for intravascular haemolysis
Look for underlying causes of haemolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the 6 main differentials for haemoglobinuria?

A 
Immune mediated haemolytic anaemia with intravascular haemolysis 
Toxicity - Zinc, onion, copper
Vena caval syndrome
DIC
Microangiopathy
Inherited RBC defects
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How can vena caval syndrome look like haemoglobinuria?

A

Because of the clots associated with it, this causes bursting of RBC’s as they go past

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How can microangiopathy look like haemoglobinuria?

A

The fibres in the vessels cause garroting of RBC’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What organ is responsible for immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia?

A

The spleen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does myoglobinuria indicate?

A

Severe muscle damage

  • Tying up
  • Snake envenomation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does haematuria indicate?

A

Bleeding into the urogenital tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What do you need to check if you find haematuria?

A

Check the urogenital structures for local bleeding lesions

-If none found then look at haemostatic disorders as root cause

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the 3 differential diagnosis for haematuria?

A 
Bleeding from genital structure 
-Prostate, vagina, uterus
Bleeding from urinary tract
-Urethra, bladder, kidney, ureter
Haemostatic disorder
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

When will you see haematuria only at the beginning of the urine stream?

A

When it is from the urethra or other lower urinary structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

When will you see bleeding from the prepuce or vulva at times other than urination?

A

If it is from the prostate or female reproductive tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

When will you see haematuria associated with a lot of straining and increased frequency of urination?

A

When it is from a local source

20
Q

When will you see haematuria with RBC casts present in the urine sediment?

A

When it is coming from the kidneys

21
Q

4 year old male Doberman Pinscher
Occasionally has blood at the start of his urine stream. Sometime he also drips blood from his prepuce other than urination. Otherwise he feels well.
Where is the blood coming from?

A

Either the prostate or urethra

22
Q

3 year old male Welsh Corgi.
Has blood mixed in thoroughly with urine. Urine sediment shows RBC casts, few WBC’s and no bacteria. No straining or increased frequency of urination.
Where is the blood coming from?

A

The kidneys

-Either renal tubules or glomeruli most likely

23
Q

What are the 2 categories of causes of straining to urinate?

A

Obstruction

Inflammation

24
Q

What are 4 things that can cause urethral obstruction leading to pollakiuria/stranguria/dysuria?

A

Calculi - Stones, uroliths
Mucus or struvite plugs
Neoplasia
Functional - reflex dyssynergia

25
Q

What is the most common neoplasia of the bladder and urethra?

A

Transitional cell carcinoma

26
Q

What are 4 things that can cause lower urinary tract inflammation leading to pollakiuria/stranguria/dysuria?

A

Bacterial infections
Sterile urethrocystitis
Cystic calculi - Urolithiasis
Bladder/urethral neoplasia

27
Q

What 4 things should you exam in a patient with pollakiuria / stranguria / dysuria?

A

Palpate bladder and do rectal exam before and after urine is voided - feel for calculi, masses, thickening
Obtain urine by cystocentesis for UA, culture and sensitivity
Consider imaging studies
If unsure about urethral patency, pass a urethral catheter

28
Q

How much water intake do you consider polydipsia?

A

Definition is 100ml/kg/day
If cold 40 ml/kg/day
If hot climate 60 ml/kg/day
-There is a big variance

29
Q

Instead of just relying on water intake, what can be another indicator of polydipsia?

A

Urine specific gravity

30
Q

For USG what are the measurements for hyposthenuria, isosthenuria and hypersthenuria?

A

Hyposthenuria SG under 1.008
Isosthenuria SG 1.008 - 1.012
Hypersthenuria SG over 1.012

31
Q

What do you need to remember when determining if a USG is hypersthenuric?

A

That there are 2 classes

  • Minimally concentrated SG 1.013 - 1.030/6
  • Well concentrated SG over 1.030/5
32
Q

What do you need to remember about cats and hypersthenuria?

A

That even when going into renal failure, they will still produce minimally concentrated urine
-USG 1.013 - 1.035

33
Q

What does hyposthenuria tell you?

A

That the kidneys are actively diluting urine

34
Q

What does isosthenuria tell you?

A

That there is some pathological process going on, and the kidneys either can’t keep up or aren’t working

35
Q

What does hypersthenuria tell you?

A

That the kidneys are actively concentrating
Or that there are large amounts/sized solutes
-They are still doing some work

36
Q

Dogs that are in chronic renal failure will typically produce urine that is what?

A

Isosthenuric

1.008 - 1.012

37
Q

Cats that are in chronic renal failure will typically produce urine that is what?

A

Minimally concentrated

  • Not as concentrated as it would be if azotaemia was only prerenal
    1. 013 - 1.035
38
Q

What are 5 differential diagnosis for primary polydipsia?

A 
Psychogenic
Hepatic insufficiency or disease
Hypothalamic disorder
Some drugs 
-Chlorpromazine, anticholinergics 
Hyperthyroidism
39
Q

What 2 ways can hyperthyroidism cause primary polydipsia?

A

Can feel hotter than they really are

Or treating a dog with too high of a dose for hypothyroidism

40
Q

What 2 things do you need for concentrated urine?

A

Renal tubule cells
-Set up countercurrent multiplication
Antidiuretic hormone
-Interacts with receptors on tubule cells

-Cause anti-diuresis

41
Q

What are the 2 differential causes for primary polyuria?

A

Neurohypophyseal diabetes insipidus
-Can’t produce ADH

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

  • Congenital or acquired
  • Can’t respond to ADH
42
Q

What is the most common cause for primary polyuria?

A

Acquired (secondary) nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

43
Q

List some differentials for primary polyuria? (What else could be causing similar signs)

A 
Renal insufficiency/failure
Pyelonephritis 
Pyometra
Hypercalcaemia
Hypokalaemia
Hyper & hypo adrenocorticism 
Hyperthyroidism
Hepatic insufficiency/failure 
Diabetes mellitus
Post obstruction diuresis
Primary renal glucosuria (Fanconi syndrome)
Drugs and toxins
-Mannitol, dextrose, diuretics, nephrotoxic drugs
44
Q

How can both hypo and hyper adrenocorticism cause polyuria?

A

Hyperadrenocorticism - Disrupts ADH transduction
Hypoadrenocorticism -
Decreased sodium cause disruption of countercurrent multiplier

45
Q

How can diabetes mellitus cause polyuria?

A

Glucose is osmotically active and water will follow it out

46
Q

Why should you do a rectal exam when examining a patient for PU/PD?

A

Apocrine gland adenocarcinoma of the anal gland

47
Q

Why should you do chest radiographs as part of further testing in a patient with PU/PD?

A

Lymphoma of cranial mediastinum can cause hypercalcaemia

A - Medicine Urology (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions