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Radiology Revision > Intro to Dental Radiography > Flashcards

Intro to Dental Radiography Flashcards

1
Q

What is a radiograph?

A

An image produced by X-rays passing through an object and interacting with the photographic emulsion on a film.

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2
Q

If it is a digital image being formed, what are the X-rays affecting?

A

The X-rays are affecting a sensor or a phosphor plate.

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3
Q

Why are radiographs useful?

A

They allow us to look inside the body, particularly at mineralised tissues.

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4
Q

When were radiographs discovered and by who?

A

Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen discovered X-rays in 1895.

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5
Q

When were radiographs first used in dentistry?

A

In 1896.

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6
Q

What does an atom consist of?

A

A positively charged nucleus surrounded by energy shells containing orbiting electrons.

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7
Q

What makes up the Nucleus?

A

+ve protons and neutral neutrons.

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8
Q

What are the maximum numbers of electrons contained in the shells?

A

K=2, L=8, M=18, N=32, O=50

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9
Q

What is the area between shells known as?

A

The Forbidden Zone, as electrons cannot exist between shells.

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10
Q

How can an electron be removed from its shell?

A

Enough energy to overcome the “binding energy” which keeps the electrons in their shells.

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11
Q

What is Z?

A

The atomic number = the number of protons.

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12
Q

What is N?

A

The neutron number = the number of neutrons.

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13
Q

What is A?

A

The atomic mass number = the number of protons and neutrons.

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14
Q

What are Isotopes?

A

Atoms with the same atomic number (Z), but different neutron number (N).

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15
Q

What are Radio-isotopes?

A

Isotopes with unstable nuclei which undergo radioactive disintegration.

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16
Q

What are Alpha particles made up of?

A

2 protons and 2 neutrons.

17
Q 
Describe an alpha particle in relation to:
Size
Charge
Speed
Penetration
Energy 
Damage Potential
A 
Size = Large
Charge = Positive (+ve)
Speed = Slow
Penetration = 1-2mm in tissue
Energy = 4-8 MeV
Damage Potential = extensive ionisation
18
Q

What are Beta Particles?

A

Fast electrons

19
Q 
Describe a beta particle in relation to:
Size
Charge
Speed
Penetration
Energy
Damage Potential
A 
Size = small
Charge = negative (-ve)
Speed = fast
Penetration = 1-2cm in tissue
Energy = 100keV - 6MeV
Damage Potential = ionisation
20
Q

What are Gamma Rays?

A

Electromagnetic radiation

21
Q 
Describe Gamma Rays in relation to:
Size
Charge
Speed 
Penetration tissue
Energy
Damage Potential
A 
Size = Nil
Charge = Nil
Speed = very fast
Penetration tissue = can pass through
Energy = 1.24keV - 12.4MeV
Damage Potential = ionisation
22
Q

Describe X-rays used in dentistry (7 points).

A
  1. They do not occur naturally
  2. Not involved in radioactive decay
  3. Identical to Gamma Rays - though not such high energy values
  4. Not particulate
  5. No charge
  6. Very fast
  7. Cause ionisation
23
Q

What affects the properties of photons?

A

Their energy, photons can have different amounts of energy.

24
Q

What is energy measured in?

A

Electron Volts (eV)

25
Q

What is frequency measured in?

A

Cycles per second or Hertz (Hz)

26
Q

What is wavelength measured in?

A

Metres or nanometres, (10^9)

27
Q

What is the range of visible light in nanometres?

A

400-700 nanometres

28
Q

X-rays, among others, are so small they are described by their…?

A

Energy (eV)

29
Q 
Describe domestic electricity supply in relation to:
Energy
Frequency
Current
What circuits can be fused with
A

220/240 Volts
50 Hertz
Usually a 13 amp current
Fuses of either 3, 5 or 13 amps

30
Q

What is another name for Potential Difference?

A

Electromotive Force

31
Q

Potential difference (SI) is measured in?

A

Volts

32
Q

When the power dissipated between two points on a conducting wire is 1 Watt, what is the SI?

A

1 Volt is the potential difference between two points on a conducting wire, carrying a constant current of 1 amp.

33
Q

How is a current passed along a wire?

A

By the vibration of electrons, from -ve to +ve.

34
Q

When electricity flows, what happens to electrons?

A

The electrons within the wire coils vibrate, causing electricity to pass through the whole length of the coils.

35
Q

What do vibrating electrons produce and therefore cause to happen?

A

Vibrating electrons produce heat, causing the wire to become red hot and give off light.

36
Q

What happens when a wire becomes red hot?

A

Radiant heat cause the movement of air particles, the surrounding are becomes hot.

37
Q

The heat given off by the wire is proportional to what?

A

The current and voltage used.

Radiology Revision (5 decks)

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