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Clin Med - Cardio I > INtro to CV system stats > Flashcards

INtro to CV system stats Flashcards

1
Q

prior to 1900s what was the leading causes of death

A

malnutrition

infectious dz

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2
Q

why is there a rise in CVD?

A
  1. industrialization, urbanization, lifestyle changes

2. all races, ethnic groups, cultures affects

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3
Q

4 stages of epidemiologic transition to CVD as leading cause of death

A
  1. pestilence and famine - prior 1900s
  2. receding pandemics - 1900-1930
  3. degerenative and human made dz - 1930-1965
  4. delayed degenerative dz - 1965-2000
  5. epidemic of inactivity and obesity - >2000
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4
Q

stage 1 - pestilence and famine - what dz’s caused most death and what was the life expectancy?

A

TB, dysentery, cholera, flu

30y.o.

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5
Q

stage 1 - pestilence and famine - CVD was caused by what

A

infection and malnutrition

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6
Q

stage 2 - receding pandemics - how did this happen?

deaths from CVD d/t ?

A

income and life expectancy increase d/t

  1. improved public health
  2. clean water, improved nutrition
  3. infant death rates decline
  4. deaths from CVD d/t rheumatic valve dz, HTN, CHD, stroke
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7
Q

stage 3 - degenerative and human made dz - what kind of dz surpasses mortality from malnutrition and infectious dz

A

non infectious

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8
Q

stage 3 - degenerative and human made dz - how did this happen?

A
  1. increased fat and caloric intake from animal fat increases
  2. CHD and stroke become prevalent
  3. avg life expectancy surpasses 50 y.o.
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9
Q

stage 4 - age of delayed degenerative diseases - what are the major causes of morbidity and mortality

A
  1. CVD - CHD, stroke and CHF

2. Cancer

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10
Q

stage 4 - age of delayed degenerative diseases - what shifts due to preventative care

A

age adjusted CVD mortality declines - affects older people

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11
Q

stage 5 - age of inactivity and obesity - what causes? and what’s predominant dz? age involved?

A
  1. increased BMI
  2. incr rate of DM, HTN, hyperlipidemia
  3. CHD, stroke, CHF, and PVD predominant
  4. affects children increasingly (reversal of age adjusted decline)
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12
Q

global affects of CVD divided into two groups

A
  1. high income countries - 15%

2. low and medium income countries - 85%

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13
Q

high income countries stats

  1. deaths
  2. highest where?
  3. lowest where?
A
  1. 3 million deaths to CVD 2001
  2. highest CVD death rates in northern countries
  3. lowest CVD death rates in Mediterranean
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14
Q

low income countries affected by CVD stats

  1. deaths
  2. leading cause of death & CVD rate
A
  1. 13 million CVD deaths in 2001

2. communicable dz continue to be a major cause of death but CVD is increasing

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15
Q

what % of people die from CVD globally?

A

30%

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16
Q

1 in how many people die from heart dz

A

1 in 4

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17
Q

what is the leading cause of death in men and women

A

heart dz

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18
Q

more than half of deaths due to heart dz in 2009 were

A

men

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19
Q

what is the most common type of heart dz

A

coronary heart dz

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20
Q

most heart attacks are first timers or second timers

A

first timers

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21
Q

what is the leading cause of death for people of most ethnicities in US

A

heart dz - includes AAs hispanics and whites

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22
Q

heart dz ranks where among american indians, alaska natives, asians, and pacific islanders

A

2nd to cancer

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23
Q

what ethnicities have the heart dz deaths? highest?

A

lowest - american indians & alaska natives

highest - whites

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24
Q

what areas of the US had the highest rate of heart dz? lowest?

A

south - highest

west - lowest

25
Q

risk factors for heart dz in US

A
  1. HTN
  2. high LDL
  3. smoking
26
Q

what % of americans have a risk factor for heart dz

A

49%

27
Q

behavioral risk factors for CVD

A

tobacco
diet
physical activity

28
Q

metabolic risk factors for CVD

A

cholesterol
HTN
DM
Obesity

29
Q

tobacco causes what % of deaths/year

A

9% (1.6 million are CVD related)

30
Q

diet factors that contribute to CVD

A

decrease in fruits and veggies
increased saturated animal fats
increased hydrogenated veggie oil

31
Q

as countries develop, caloric intake develops T/F

A

true

32
Q

what is a factor in physical inactivity for CVD

A

transition to physical agricultural based work to sedentary industry and office based work

33
Q

what fraction of the US do not participate in physical activity

A

1/4

34
Q

what % follows the recommended amount of physical activity - 30min everyday?

A

22%

35
Q

elevated cholesterol causes what % of MI’s and what % of strokes

A

MI - 56%

stroke - 18%

36
Q

why are cholesterol levels rising

A

increased dietary fats and decreased activity level

37
Q

in high income countries - cholesterol levels are what

A

declining

38
Q

what happens to BP levels during transition from rural to urban?

A

rise

39
Q

what kind of HTN is a growing concern in low to middle income countries

A

undetected/untreated

40
Q

what is a major risk factor for heart dz and stroke in the US

A

HTN

41
Q

what % of americans have HTN

A

30

42
Q

what % of americans have preHTN

A

30

43
Q

how much does HTN cost in US

A

46 billion/year

44
Q

4 complications of HTN

A
  1. CAD/MI - about 7 out of 10 ppl having heart attack have HTN
  2. stroke - about 8 out of 10 ppl having stroke have HTN
  3. CHF - 7 out of 10 ppl with CHF have HTN
  4. chronic kideny dz - risk factor for HTN
45
Q

how many adults are unaware of having HTN

A

1 in 5

46
Q

what populations is obesity increasing

A

developing world and pediatric populations

47
Q

how many adults worldwide are overweight

A

1.3 billion

48
Q

what % of world has DM

A

5

49
Q

what 2 dz are the most common costly health problems but also the most preventable?

A

heart dz and stroke

50
Q

what is the 3rd cause of death in US

A

stroke

51
Q

what does the social determinant of health say?

A

places where people live work and learn have an effect on their health

52
Q

social determinants of health factors

A 
socioeconomic status
transportation
housing
access to services
discrimination by social grouping
social or environmental stressors
53
Q

CVD rates are _______ worldwide in hight income countries, but _______ everywhere else

A

declining

increasing

54
Q

what can help lesson impact of CVD

A
  1. improved public health
  2. improved screening
  3. improved prevention
  4. allocate resources to acute as well as prevention interventions
55
Q

what is the #1 most common dx

A

essential HTN

56
Q

PE for CV exam

A

BP/HR
Heart Exam
Vascular Exam
Extremity Exam

57
Q

3 pitfalls in CV medicine

A
  1. failure to recognize underlying CV disorder for systemic illness
  2. failure to recognize underlying systemic illness for CV presentation
  3. overreliance of labs/imaging
58
Q

what is the most common cause of death worldwide

A

CVD

Clin Med - Cardio I (7 decks)

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