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Clin Med - Cardio I > INtro to CV system stats > Flashcards

INtro to CV system stats Flashcards

1
Q

prior to 1900s what was the leading causes of death

A

malnutrition

infectious dz

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2
Q

why is there a rise in CVD?

A
  1. industrialization, urbanization, lifestyle changes

2. all races, ethnic groups, cultures affects

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3
Q

4 stages of epidemiologic transition to CVD as leading cause of death

A
  1. pestilence and famine - prior 1900s
  2. receding pandemics - 1900-1930
  3. degerenative and human made dz - 1930-1965
  4. delayed degenerative dz - 1965-2000
  5. epidemic of inactivity and obesity - >2000
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4
Q

stage 1 - pestilence and famine - what dz’s caused most death and what was the life expectancy?

A

TB, dysentery, cholera, flu

30y.o.

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5
Q

stage 1 - pestilence and famine - CVD was caused by what

A

infection and malnutrition

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6
Q

stage 2 - receding pandemics - how did this happen?

deaths from CVD d/t ?

A

income and life expectancy increase d/t

  1. improved public health
  2. clean water, improved nutrition
  3. infant death rates decline
  4. deaths from CVD d/t rheumatic valve dz, HTN, CHD, stroke
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7
Q

stage 3 - degenerative and human made dz - what kind of dz surpasses mortality from malnutrition and infectious dz

A

non infectious

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8
Q

stage 3 - degenerative and human made dz - how did this happen?

A
  1. increased fat and caloric intake from animal fat increases
  2. CHD and stroke become prevalent
  3. avg life expectancy surpasses 50 y.o.
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9
Q

stage 4 - age of delayed degenerative diseases - what are the major causes of morbidity and mortality

A
  1. CVD - CHD, stroke and CHF

2. Cancer

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10
Q

stage 4 - age of delayed degenerative diseases - what shifts due to preventative care

A

age adjusted CVD mortality declines - affects older people

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11
Q

stage 5 - age of inactivity and obesity - what causes? and what’s predominant dz? age involved?

A
  1. increased BMI
  2. incr rate of DM, HTN, hyperlipidemia
  3. CHD, stroke, CHF, and PVD predominant
  4. affects children increasingly (reversal of age adjusted decline)
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12
Q

global affects of CVD divided into two groups

A
  1. high income countries - 15%

2. low and medium income countries - 85%

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13
Q

high income countries stats

  1. deaths
  2. highest where?
  3. lowest where?
A
  1. 3 million deaths to CVD 2001
  2. highest CVD death rates in northern countries
  3. lowest CVD death rates in Mediterranean
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14
Q

low income countries affected by CVD stats

  1. deaths
  2. leading cause of death & CVD rate
A
  1. 13 million CVD deaths in 2001

2. communicable dz continue to be a major cause of death but CVD is increasing

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15
Q

what % of people die from CVD globally?

A

30%

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16
Q

1 in how many people die from heart dz

A

1 in 4

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17
Q

what is the leading cause of death in men and women

A

heart dz

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18
Q

more than half of deaths due to heart dz in 2009 were

A

men

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19
Q

what is the most common type of heart dz

A

coronary heart dz

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20
Q

most heart attacks are first timers or second timers

A

first timers

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21
Q

what is the leading cause of death for people of most ethnicities in US

A

heart dz - includes AAs hispanics and whites

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22
Q

heart dz ranks where among american indians, alaska natives, asians, and pacific islanders

A

2nd to cancer

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23
Q

what ethnicities have the heart dz deaths? highest?

A

lowest - american indians & alaska natives

highest - whites

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24
Q

what areas of the US had the highest rate of heart dz? lowest?

A

south - highest

west - lowest

25
risk factors for heart dz in US
1. HTN 2. high LDL 3. smoking
26
what % of americans have a risk factor for heart dz
49%
27
behavioral risk factors for CVD
tobacco diet physical activity
28
metabolic risk factors for CVD
cholesterol HTN DM Obesity
29
tobacco causes what % of deaths/year
9% (1.6 million are CVD related)
30
diet factors that contribute to CVD
decrease in fruits and veggies increased saturated animal fats increased hydrogenated veggie oil
31
as countries develop, caloric intake develops T/F
true
32
what is a factor in physical inactivity for CVD
transition to physical agricultural based work to sedentary industry and office based work
33
what fraction of the US do not participate in physical activity
1/4
34
what % follows the recommended amount of physical activity - 30min everyday?
22%
35
elevated cholesterol causes what % of MI's and what % of strokes
MI - 56% | stroke - 18%
36
why are cholesterol levels rising
increased dietary fats and decreased activity level
37
in high income countries - cholesterol levels are what
declining
38
what happens to BP levels during transition from rural to urban?
rise
39
what kind of HTN is a growing concern in low to middle income countries
undetected/untreated
40
what is a major risk factor for heart dz and stroke in the US
HTN
41
what % of americans have HTN
30
42
what % of americans have preHTN
30
43
how much does HTN cost in US
46 billion/year
44
4 complications of HTN
1. CAD/MI - about 7 out of 10 ppl having heart attack have HTN 2. stroke - about 8 out of 10 ppl having stroke have HTN 3. CHF - 7 out of 10 ppl with CHF have HTN 4. chronic kideny dz - risk factor for HTN
45
how many adults are unaware of having HTN
1 in 5
46
what populations is obesity increasing
developing world and pediatric populations
47
how many adults worldwide are overweight
1.3 billion
48
what % of world has DM
5
49
what 2 dz are the most common costly health problems but also the most preventable?
heart dz and stroke
50
what is the 3rd cause of death in US
stroke
51
what does the social determinant of health say?
places where people live work and learn have an effect on their health
52
social determinants of health factors
``` socioeconomic status transportation housing access to services discrimination by social grouping social or environmental stressors ```
53
CVD rates are _______ worldwide in hight income countries, but _______ everywhere else
declining | increasing
54
what can help lesson impact of CVD
1. improved public health 2. improved screening 3. improved prevention 4. allocate resources to acute as well as prevention interventions
55
what is the #1 most common dx
essential HTN
56
PE for CV exam
BP/HR Heart Exam Vascular Exam Extremity Exam
57
3 pitfalls in CV medicine
1. failure to recognize underlying CV disorder for systemic illness 2. failure to recognize underlying systemic illness for CV presentation 3. overreliance of labs/imaging
58
what is the most common cause of death worldwide
CVD

Clin Med - Cardio I (7 decks)

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