Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Clinical Anatomy > Intro to Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

Intro to Cranial Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functional modalities of cranial neurons?

A

general somatic afferent (GSA), general somatic efferent (GSE), general visceral afferent (GVA), general visceral efferent (parasympathetics, GVE),special sense (SVE) such as olfaction, taste, hearing, and balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is derived from pharyngeal arches?

A

branchiomeric mm.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is associated with pharyngeal arch 1?

A

Cranial nerve 5, trigeminal nerve
branchiomeric muscles- mm. mastication, tensor tympani, tensor veli palantini, mylohyoid, ant. belly digastric
skeletal derivatives- malleus, incus, sphenomandibular lig.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is associated with pharyngeal arch 2?

A

Cranial nerve VII, facial nerve
branchiomeric mm.- mm. facial expression, stapedius, stylohyiod, posterior belly digastric
skeletal derivatives- stapes, styloid process, stylohyiod ligament, lesser horn and superior body of hyoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is associated with pharyngeal arch 3?

A

Cranial nerve IX, glossopharyngeal n.
branchiomeric mm- stylopharyngeus
skeletal derivatives- greater horn and inferior body of hyoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is associated with pharyngeal arch 4 and 6?

A

Cranial nerve X, vagus nerve
branchiomeric mm.- most palatal mm., most pharyngeal mm., all laryngeal mm.
skeletal derivatives- laryngeal cartilages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

CN I

A

olfactory nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

CN II

A

optic nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

CN III

A

Oculomotor nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

CN IV

A

trochlear nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

CN V

A

trigeminal
V1- ophthalmic
V2- maxillary
V3- mandibular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

CN VI

A

Abducens n.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

CN VII

A

facial nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

CN VIII

A

Vestibulocochlear nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

CN IX

A

glossopharyngeal nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

CN X

A

vagus nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

CN XI

A

accessory nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

CN XII

A

hypoglossal nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the function of CN 1?

A

olfactory does special sense of smell (olfaction)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the function of CN II?

A

optic- special cense vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the function of CN III?

A

Oculomotor- motor of extraocular

parasympathetic- ciliary muscle and sphincter pupillae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the function of CN IV?

A

trochlear- motor of superior oblique (extraocular m.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the function of CN VI?

A

Abducens- motor of lateral rectus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the function of CN V1?

A

general sensory- forehead, surface of eye, bridge of nose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the function of CN V2?

A

general sensory- cheek, upper lip, side of eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the function of CN V3?

A

general sensory- chin, lower lip, towards temple

motor- muscles derived from pharyngeal arch number 1, mm. of mastication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the function of CN VII?

A

motor- muscles derived from pharyngeal arch number 2
parasympathetics- lacrimal gland, submandibular gland, sublingual gland
general sensory-external ear
special sense- taste and anterior 2/3 of the tongue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the function of CN VIII?

A

Vestibulocochlear n.

special sense- hearing and balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the function of CN IX?

A

glossopharyngeal n.
motor- muscles derived from pharyngeal arch 3
parasympathetics- parotid gland
general sensory- pharynx, middle ear, carotid body, carotid sinus
special sense- taste to posterior tongue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the function of CN X?

A

motor- muscles derived from pharyngeal arches 4 and 6
parasympathetic- below the neck with parasympathetic etics
general sensory- external ear, larynx
special sense- taste at the epiglottis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the function of CN XI?

A

accessory n.

motor- SCM and traps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the function of CN XII?

A

hypoglossal n.

motor- tongue muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is stern’s rule for the word “tensor”?

A

CN V3= innervation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is stern’s rule for the word “palate”?

A

CN X= innervation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is stern’s rule for tongue/”glosso”?

A

CN XII= innervation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What nerves innervate the skeletal muscles of the orbit of the eye?

A

CN III, IV, VI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is responsible for pupillary constriction?

A

Oculomotor n. CN III- parasympathetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What causes lacrimation to the eye?

A

Facial n. (CN VII parasympathetics)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What causes blinking?

A

Ophthalmic n. (CN V1) - sensation to surface of the eye
Facial n. (CN VII)- orbicularis oculi m.
Oculomotor n. (CN III) - levator palpebrae superioris m.
Sympathetics to tarsal muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is nerves are responsible for taste?

A

facial n. does ant. 2/3 of tongue
glossopharyngeal n. does post. 1/3 of tongue
vagus n. does epiglottis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is the motor component of the glossopharyngeal nerve?

A

stylopharyngeus- elevates pharynx and larynx during swallowing and speaking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What do parasympathetics run with to innervate the ciliary m and constrictor pupillae m ?

A

Oculomotor n.

CN III

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What do parasympathetics run with to innervate the lacrimal gland, submandibular gland, and sublingual gland?

A

facial nerve CN VII

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What do parasympathetics run with to innervate the parotid gland?

A

glossopharyngeal nerve

CN IX

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What do parasympathetics run with to innervate postcranial?

A

vagus n.

CN X

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Which nerve is responsible for lacrimation?

A

facial nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Which nerve is responsible for blinking?

A

ophthalmic n.- sensation to the surface of the eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What nerve is responsible for the levator palpebrae superioris m?

A

Oculomotor n.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What innervates the tarsal m?

A

sympathetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What nerve is responsible for audition?

A

inner ear (cochlear n.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What nerve and muscle is responsible for middle ear function?

A

mandibular n. and tensor tympani m.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What nerve innervates the stapedius?

A

facial nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What nerve innervates the tensor veli palatini m. or auditory tube function?

A

mandibular n.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What nerve is responsible for balance (inner ear)?

A

vestibular nerve coming off of vestibular cochlear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What nerve is responsible for production of nasal mucosa?

A

facial and trigeminal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What nerve is responsible for laryngeal function?

A

vagus n.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What are the muscles of mastication?

A

temporalis, masseter, medial and lateral pterygoids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What is responsible for the tongue movements?

A

hypoglossal n.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What innervates the palatoglossal m.

A

vagus n.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What is responsible for taste of the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?

A

facial nerve –> more specifically the chorda tympani nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

What is responsible for taste of the epiglottis?

A

vagus nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

What is responsible for salivation/salivary glands?

A

facial- submandibular n. and sublingual n.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

What are the primary nerves involved in swallowing?

A

CN IX, CN X, CN XII

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

What is considered the true dura in the brain?

A

the meningeal layer- it is the layer that is continuous down the entire spinal column

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Through what nerve is the dura pain sensitive?

A

intracranial sensory innervation via trigeminal n. and vagus n.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

What is the superior sagittal sinus?

A

a sinus filled with venous blood where the periosteum pulled away from the meningeal layer or true dura

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

In which space is the CSF?

A

the subarachnoid space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

What is a dural fold?

A

2 meningeal layers of true dura fused together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

What is the purpose of the falx cerebri?

A

to separate the right and left hemispheres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

What is he tentorial incisure

A

the triangular opening in the tentorium cerebelli through which the brainstem extends from the posterior into the middle cranial fossa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

What is the purpose of the cerebellum tentorium?

A

it separates the cerebral hemispheres from the cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

What are the dural venous sinuses in the brain?

A

superior sagittal sinus, inferior sagittal sinus, transvers sinus, occipital sinus, straight sinus, sigmoid sinus, superior and inferior petrosal sinuses cavernous sinus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

Where do all of the sinuses of the brain meet?

A

confluence of the sinus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

Where is the cavernous sinus in the brain and what are its contents?

A 
Location: lateral to body of sphenoid bone (and sella turcica)
Contents: 
Venous blood
Internal carotid a.
Nerves: 
  Oculomotor n (CN III)
  Trochlear n (CN IV) 
  Ophthalmic n (CN V1)
  Maxillary n (CN V2)
  Abducens n (CV VI)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

What are the purposes of the sinuses?

A

cerebral veins dump their contents into the dural venous sinuses… they penetrate the arachnoid and pass through subdural space to enter sinuses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

subdural hematoma

A

commonly due to rupture of superior cerebral veins… there is an accumulation of venous blood between arachnoid and meningeal layer of the dura

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

What are the meningeal arteries embedded within?

A

the endocranium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

epidural or extradural hematoma

A

most commonly due to rupture of the middle meningeal artery… extravasated blood accumulates between calvarium and cranial dura (periosteal layer)… fatal unless treated promptly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

What is the intraventricular flow of CSF?

A

lateral ventricles –> interventricular foramina –> third ventricle –> cerebral aqueduct –> fourth ventricle –> central canal of spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

How does the CSF exit the ventricular system?

A 
median aperature (foramen of Magendie) --> cisterna magna
lateral aperatures --> pontine cistern
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

How does cerebral spinal fluid absorb back into the dural venous system?

A

via the arachnoid villi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

hydrocephalus

A

aqueductal stenosis- CSF obstruction at cerebral aqueduct… lateral and 3rd ventricles dilate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

What is the non neural basis of visual acuity?

A

ability to discriminate between adjacent points in an image; non neural is based on the size of image projected on the retina; focus of image by refractive media to the retina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

What is the neural basis on visual acuity?

A

density of photoreceptors in the fovea versus peripheral retina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

What are the functions of the eye?

A

detect light, focus images clearly, compress information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

How does the eye detect light?

A

the central retina (fovea) does details and color… the peripheral retina emphasizes motion and contrast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

How does the eye focus on images clearly on the retina?

A

most of the refraction occurs at the air-cornea interface, there is also an adjustable lens (accommodation) for near objects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

sclera

A

sclera is the fibrous layer of the eye… it is continuous with the dura mater (also considered the white of the eye)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

conjunctiva

A

epithelium lining of inner surface of eyelids and anterior surface of sclera (not part of the fibrous layer)

90
Q

Iris

A

dilator pupillae m.

sphincter pupillae m.

91
Q

ciliary body

A

ciliary m.; zonule fibers (suspensory ligaments); ciliary processes which form the aqueous humor

92
Q

choroid

A

choroidal vessels

93
Q

What makes up the uveal tract which is the second layer of the eye?

A

iris, ciliary body, choroid

94
Q

What makes up the innermost layer of the eye?

A

retina- part of the eye that is light responsive

95
Q

What makes up the posterior segment of the eye?

A

vitreous humor, retina, optic nerve, choroid

96
Q

What divides the anterior and posterior segment of the eye?

A

anterior border of the vitreous humor

97
Q

What part of the eye is affected by light?

A

peripheral retina and vision, the fovea and central vision

98
Q

What is the part of the retina that in not neural?

A

retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)

99
Q

What is the neural signal path for phototransduction?

A

through the ganglion cells - Optic nerve

100
Q

What are the purpose of the photoreceptors in the retina?

A

they are mostly made up of rods and transform light stimulus into a electrical signal

101
Q

How do the RPE support photoreceptor function?

A

by reducing light scatter

102
Q

How does the peripheral retina deal with motion and contrast?

A

there are many photoreceptors converging to fewer ganglion cells

103
Q

What is the purpose of the fovea?

A

it has the highest density of cone photoreceptors and the least distortion of light

104
Q

foveation

A

movements of eye brings light to focus on the fovea

105
Q

How does the fovea offer maximum discrimination, highest visual acuity, and detail?

A

there is one photoreceptor for 1 bipolar for 1 ganglion

106
Q

What artery supplies most of the neural retina (except the photoreceptors)?

A

the central retinal artery which is a branch of the ophthalmic artery… this arterial supply is absent at the fovea

107
Q

What artery supplies outer 1/3 of retina ie the RPE and photoreceptors?

A

choroid

108
Q

What is the visual consequence of macular degeneration?

A

central vision will be knocked out… commonly due to cholesterol deposits between the RPE and choroid

109
Q

What occurs with a retinal detachment?

A

flashes of light, specks floating, curtain dropping… this typically occurs between the neural photoreceptors and the RPE

110
Q

Optic disc

A

axons of ganglion cells (optic n.) and retinal vessels… these lack photoreceptors and the optic disc is considered the blind spot

111
Q

What kind of information does the optic nerve carry?

A

information about the entire visual field of that eye

112
Q

What would happen with a right optic nerve lesion?

A

complete right eye blindness = right monocular vision loss

113
Q

What is the image that is displayed on your retina?

A

inverted (vertically)

revered (horizontally)

114
Q

Where does the temporal retina receive visual information from?

A

the medial part of the eyes visual field (nasal hemifield)

115
Q

Where does the nasal retina receive visual information from?

A

the lateral part of our eyes visual field (temporal hemifield)

116
Q

Where do axons from the temporal retina project?

A

the ipsilateral optic tract

117
Q

Where do axons from the nasal retina project?

A

they cross at the optic chiasm and project to the contralateral optic tract

118
Q

What kind of information does the optic tract carry?

A

information about the contralateral visual field

119
Q

right optic tract lesion

A

left homonymous hemianopia- left visual field of eyes is out

120
Q

hemianopia

A

half visual field

121
Q

homonymous

A

same side

122
Q

optic chiasm lesion

A

Bitemporal hemianopia… lateral fields of both eyes is out… tunnel vision

123
Q

saccades

A

right and left eye work in a coordinated fashion… a simultaneous movement of both eyes

124
Q

What are the functions of the superior rectus?

A

elevates and intorts

125
Q

What are the functions of the inferior rectus?

A

depression and extorsion

126
Q

What are the functions of the superior oblique?

A

depressed and intorts

127
Q

What are the functions of the inferior oblique?

A

elevation and extorsion

128
Q

What are the muscles that intort the eye?

A

superior oblique and superior rectus

129
Q

What are the muscles that extort the eye?

A

inferior oblique and inferior rectus

130
Q

What two muscles must you pair together if you just want to look up or down?

A

and intort muscle and an extort muscle to balance eachother out

131
Q

pursuit

A

allows eye to closely follow a moving object

132
Q

trochlear nerve

A

innervates the superior oblique muscle which depresses and intorts

133
Q

abducens nerve

A

innervates the lateral rectus muscle which acts to abduct the eye

134
Q

Oculomotor nerve

A

superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus, inferior oblique, levator palpebrae superioris
also parasympathetics to the sphincter pupillae m. and ciliary muscle

135
Q

orbicularis oculi m.

A

depresses the eyelid and is innervated by the facial nerve

136
Q

levator palpebrae superioris

A

elevates the eyelid and is innervated by the Oculomotor

137
Q

tarsal m.

A

assists in elevating the upper lid… innervated by sympathetics

138
Q

what is the purpose of blinking?

A

to spread tears across the surface of the eye, cornea and conjunctiva

139
Q

lacrimal gland

A

secretes into the eye because of innervation done by the facial nerve

140
Q

what is the excretory process of the lacrimal apparatus?

A

lacrimal puncta –> lacrimal canaliculi –> lacrimal sac –> nasolacrimal duct –> middle meatus of the nasal cavity

141
Q

How do the parasympathetics innervate the lacrimal gland?

A

preganglionic via the facial nerve –> synapse at the pterygopalatine ganglion –> postganglionic they travel on the trigeminal nerve

142
Q

What is the sensory limb of the coronary blink reflex?

A

there is irritant to the cornea/ conjunctiva which sends nerve signals via the nascociliary n. a branch from ophthalmic n.

143
Q

What is the motor limb of the sensory light reflex?

A

the nerve signals are sent to the eye via the facial nerve to the orbicularis oculi m.

144
Q

strabismus

A

misaligned visual axes (due to a neural/motor imbalance usually

145
Q

diplopia

A

double vision

146
Q

if a patient is unable to abduct the right eye what kind of lesion is it?

A

abducens lesion on the right side

147
Q

What are the consequences of a unilateral lesion of R. abducens N?

A

the lateral rectus muscle is paralyzed
diplopia occurs due to unopposed medial rectus m.
face also turns to side of lesion to restore binocular vision

148
Q

upper lid ptosis

A

inability to retract the upper eyelid (eyelid is depressed)

149
Q

What are the characteristics of a unilateral lesion of a R. Oculomotor n. lesion?

A

eyelid is depressed and the eye is turned laterally and slightly down… there may also be mydriasis which is a dilated eye

150
Q

Oculomotor palsy

A 
upper lid ptosis
extropic globe (down and out)
strabismus and diplopia
mydriasis (dilated pupil)
lack of accommodation
151
Q

Trochlear nerve palsy

A

extorted eye and impaired depression because there is paralysis of the superior oblique

152
Q

unilateral lesion of the r. trochlear n.?

A

extorted right eye results in diplopia
head tilt to unaffected side (point chin to lesion)
intort L. eye to restore binocular vision

153
Q

horner’s syndrome

A 
interruption of sympathetic outflow: upper lid ptosis (tarsal m. paralysis)
miosis (constricted pupil)
facial flushing (vaso dilation)
Anhidrosis (sweat gland denervation)
154
Q

focusing on a near object triad

A

. Convergence of optic axes (somatic motor)
Oculomotor nucleus signals both medial rectus mm. to contract (disconjugate eye movements) to eliminate diplopia
2. Lens Accommodation (parasympathetic)
Oculomotor efferent axons from Edinger-Westphal nucleus signal ciliary m. to contract to eliminate blur
Reduce tension of suspensory ligaments of lens
Curvature of lens increases (higher refractive index)
3. Pupillary constriction (parasympathetic)
Oculomotor efferent axons from Edinger-Westphal nucleus signal sphincter pupillae m. to contract
Small pupil sharpens image on retina and reduces light intensity

155
Q

What is the muscle that lies in the superficial cervical fascia?

A

platysma m.

156
Q

What are the muscles that lie in the deep cervical fascia the investing layer?

A

SCM m. and the trapezius m.

157
Q

What are the anterior and posterior triangles of the neck subdivided by?

A

suprahyoid and infrahyoid m.

158
Q

What is included in the vertebral compartment?

A

includes CVs and mm. for neck movement and stability… is also surrounded by vertebral fascia

159
Q

What are the cutaneous nerves for the cervical plexus?

A

transverse cervical n.
supraclavicular n.
greater occipital nerve
lesser occipital nerve

160
Q

what is the motor innervations from the cervical plexus?

A

mm. of neck, infrahyoid muscle, and diaphragm

161
Q

What is in the vascular compartment of the deep cervical fascia?

A

carotid aa., internal jugular v, vagus nerve… which are all surrounded by the carotid sheath

162
Q

What are the layers within the visceral compartment of the deep cervical fascia?

A

endocrine layer- thyroid gland, parathyroid gland
respiratory layer- larynx, and trachea
alimentary layer- pharynx: nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx and the esophagus

163
Q

What does the deep neck spaces consist of?

A

buccopharyngeal fascia, alar fascia, prevertebral fascia

164
Q

retropharyngeal space

A

between the buccopharyngeal fascia and the alar fascia… at the base of the skull to superior mediastinum

165
Q

danger space of the neck

A

between the alar fascia and the prevertebral fascia… base of skill to diaphragm

166
Q

What encloses and protects the middle and internal ear?

A

temporal bone

167
Q

where does conductive hearing loss happen?

A

middle and external ear

168
Q

Where does sensorineural hearing loss happen?

A

inner ear

169
Q

What innervates the superior external acoustic meatus?

A

auriculotemporal nerve from the mandibular division of trigeminal

170
Q

What innervated the inferior external acoustic meatus?

A

vagus nerve

171
Q

What innervates most of the outer ear?

A

greater auricular n. (C2-C3)

172
Q

What is the innervation of the auricle?

A

auriculotemporal n.
vagus n.
facial n.
two cervical nerves: greater auricular n. and the lesser occipital n.

173
Q

What is the innervation of the tympanic membrane in the lateral surface?

A

superiorly it is innervated by the auriculotemporal n.

inferiorly it is innervated by the vagus

174
Q

What makes up the inner ear?

A

tympanic cavity

ear ossicles: malleus, incus, stapes (lateral to medial)

175
Q

What are the muscles in the middle ear?

A

tensor tympani innervated by mandibular nerve

stapedius innervated by facial nerve

176
Q

What are the walls of the middle ear?

A

laterally it is the tympanic membrane; medially there is the promontory and oval and round windows

177
Q

What is the roof of the middle ear?

A

tegman tympani

178
Q

What is the flood of the middle ear?

A

jugular bulb

179
Q

What is the posterior wall of the middle ear?

A

mastoid air cells

180
Q

what is the anterior wall of the middle ear?

A

pharyngotympanic, Eustachian and auditory tube

181
Q

What is the function of the Eustachian tube?

A

ventilations and pressure regulation; by the tensor veli palatini m.

182
Q

In cleft palate patients where would there be a dysfunction?

A

in the tensor veli palatini muscle

183
Q

What is the function of the tensor veli palatini?

A

it actively widens the lumen

184
Q

What is the protection function of the Eustachian tube?

A

dampens loud sounds from the nasopharynx; active against reflux of nasopharyngeal secretions

185
Q

What is the drainage and clearance function of the Eustachian tube?

A

mucociliary transport system

186
Q

What is the function of the glossopharyngeal n. in the ear?

A

sensory via the tympanic nerve plexus… tympanic cavity, tympanic membrane, mastoid air cells and the auditory tube

187
Q

Where does the chorda tympani nerve pass through?

A

pas between the malleus and incus

188
Q

conductive hearing loss?

A

external ear… cerumen impaction

middle ear is otitis media

189
Q

what is the primary cause of otitis media?

A

dysfunction of the Eustachian tube

190
Q

What makes up the inner ear?

A

semicircular canal, vestibule, cochlea

191
Q

What is the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear?

A

cochlear duct in cochlea, utricle and saccule in the vestibule, semicircular duct in the semicircular canal

192
Q

What makes up the neurosensory epithelium?

A

organ od corti on basilar membrane in the cochlea, macule in the vestibule, the crista ampullaris in the semicircular canal

193
Q

How does the transmission and transduction of sound work?

A

air pressure waves and transduced to mechanical energy that is transduced to fluid movement in the inner ear

194
Q

basilar membrane

A

determines the frequency of the sound that we hear

195
Q

What is the first sign of compression of the Oculomotor nerve?

A

slowness of the pupillary response to light

196
Q

What stimulates the organ of Corti?

A

the basilar membrane

197
Q

Where does the ability to hear high frequencies occur?

A

at the base of the basilar membrane

198
Q

Where does the ability to hear low frequencies occur?

A

the apex of the basilar membrane

199
Q

impedence mismatch

A

When there is low air impedence and high fluid impedence you lose 99.9% of sound energy

200
Q

How are incisions to release pus from a middle ear abscess made?

A

postero-inferiorly because the superior half is much more vasculature

201
Q

What are the solutions to impedence mismatch?

A

external ear amplification

middle ear amplification- because of large surface area of the tympanic membrane going to the footplate of the stapes

202
Q

What overlays the oval window?

A

the stapes

203
Q

What is the solution to localization of sound?

A

binaural comparisons

204
Q

What helps to solve the problem of loud noises?

A

there is middle ear dampening- done by the tensor tympani muscle innervated by mandibular nerve also the stapedius muscle which is innervated by the nerve to the stapedius off of the facial nerve

205
Q

What is the acoustic (Stapedial reflex)?

A

the afferent limb in done by the cochlear n. (bilaterally) and the efferent limb is done by the facial n. (direct and consensual)

206
Q

What do we do to fix the issue of complexity of sounds?

A

the left ear hears music and goes to the right hemisphere… the right ear hears spoken communication and goes to the left hemisphere

207
Q

What helps us control our balance?

A

vestibular apparatus- made up of the vestibule and semicircular canals and the saccule and utricle and semicircular ducts

208
Q

What is the purpose of the saccule and utricle?

A

they sense gravity and linear movement or acceleration

209
Q

what is the purpose of the semicircular ducts?

A

rotational movement (angular acceleration)

210
Q

What comprises the lateral nasal wall?

A

inferior middle and superior turbinates

211
Q

What gives sensory innervation to the nasal cavity?

A

trigeminal nerve ophthalmic and maxillary nerves off of the trigeminal

212
Q

Where do autonomics travel to access the nasal mucosa?

A

sympathetics and parasympathetics travel on the trigeminal nn.

213
Q

What is the airflow resistance between the two nasal cavities controlled by?

A

sympathetics… the engorgement by blood of the anterior ends of the inferior nasal turbinates

214
Q

Where do all of the arteries of the nasal septum converge?

A

kiesselbach area- branch of Sphenopalantine artery and posterior and anterior ethmoidal arteries… this causes anastomosis between the ECA and the ICA

215
Q

What are the paranasal sinuses?

A

frontal sinus, ethmoid sinus, nasal cavity, maxillary sinus

216
Q

where does the sphenoidal sinus drain?

A

sphenoidal recess

217
Q

What drains into the superior meatus?

A

posterior ethmoidal cells

218
Q

What all drains into the middle meatus?

A

anterior and middle ethmoidal cells through the ethmoidal bulla and the frontal and maxillary sinus through the semilunar hiatus

219
Q

What drains into the inferior meatus?

A

nasolacrimal duct

220
Q

Which paranasal sinus has the most difficulty draining?

A

maxillary sinus

221
Q

Why does the maxillary sinus drain poorly?

A

because its ostium is located superiorly… dental pain may be indicative of maxillary sinus

Clinical Anatomy (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions