Intro to Contraception & Barrier Methods

Question 1

t/f we are the least pregnant generation yet

Answer 1

true

Question 2

what is the average age of first birth?

Answer 2

30 years

Question 3

unplanned pregnancies occur most often in people aged ____ to ___

Answer 3

20 - 29

Question 4

nearly 1 in __ people have at least 1 abortion in their lives

Answer 4

3

Question 5

structure of the ovaries

Answer 5

oval structures, approximately 2 inches, attached ti uterus but not to fallopian tubes

Question 6

at birth, the ovaries contain thousands of eggs, all contained in a ____

Answer 6

follicle

Question 7

once all eggs have been released, a woman reaches ___

Answer 7

menopause

Question 8

structure of the cervix

Answer 8

connection between vagina and uterus

Question 9

what is the function of the cervix?

Answer 9

secretes mucous that typically impedes sperm, but becomes slippery during ovulation

Question 10

structure of vagina

Answer 10

tube shaped canal that is typically 4-6 inches long, contains a mucousal layer and msucles that help dilate and constrict

Question 11

structure of fallopian tubes

Answer 11

4-5 inches long connected to uterus w/ frimnriae near the ovaries to catch ovum

Question 12

structure of the uterus

Answer 12

pear-shaped, 3 inches long, 2 inches wide, made of firm muscles of myometrium and vascular endometrial lining

Question 13

Each month, based on ____changes, one follicle increases in size and is released through ovulation

Answer 13

hormonal

Question 14

where does sperm typically meet the ovum?

Answer 14

in the fallopian tube

Question 15

what is the corpus luteum?

Answer 15

the ruptured follicle

Question 16

what happens to the corpus luteum if fertilization does not occur?

Answer 16

it disintegrates

Question 17

what are the 2 gonadatropins?

Answer 17

LH and FSH

Question 18

FSH and LH are released by the ____

Answer 18

pituitary gland

Question 19

when estrogen levels rise in the ____ phase, it stimulates that hypothalamus, causing the making and release of _____

Answer 19

follicular; progesterone

Question 20

progesterone released by the hypothalamus triggers a ____ surge shortly before day 14

Answer 20

LH

Question 21

progesterone levels throughout the cycle cause a negative feedback on the hypothalamus & pituitary so that ____ and ___ are not released

Answer 21

FSH and LH

Question 22

progesterone levels are low in the ___ phase, but rise in the ___ phase, which turns off FSH and LH

Answer 22

follicular; luteal

Question 23

why does the loss of the corpus luteum (the old ovum follicle) cause menstruation?

Answer 23

it is not around to secrete estrogen and progesterone, so the endometrium cannot be maintained and is lost through the vagina

Question 24

how does the cycle start up again with menstruation?

Answer 24

teh estrogen and progesterone levels are so low that there is no longer negative feedback on the hypothalamus & pituitary

Question 25

days 7-11 of the cycle are known as the ___ phases

Answer 25

follicular

Question 26

during the follicular phase, the estrogen/progesterone levels are so low that the hypothalamus can re-release ____

Answer 26

GnRH

Question 27

release of GnRH from the hypothalamus causes release of ___ and ___ from the pituitary

Answer 27

LH and FSH

Question 28

what is the role of FSH?

Answer 28

promotes the growth of teh follicle, which secretes estrogen

Question 29

what are the 2 main actions of the estrogen that is released by the follicle?

Answer 29

1. negative feedback on the pituitary so no more follicles are stimulated 2. proliferation of the endometrial lining to prepare for implantation

Question 30

leading up to ovulation, there is enough estrogen to change from a ____ to ____ feedback on the anterior pituitary leading to LH and small FSH surge

Answer 30

negative to positive

Question 31

what is the role of LH (lutenizing hormone)?

Answer 31

causes the primary follicle to rupture and release the egg

Question 32

Days 15-28 are known as the ___ phase

Answer 32

luteal

Question 33

what happens to the corpus luteum during the luteal phase?

Answer 33

primary follicle turns into the corpus luteum and secretes high levels or progesterone and lower levels of estrogen

Question 34

what is the role of progesterone in the luteal phase?

Answer 34

increases the vascularity and glands of the endometrium to prepare for implantation

Question 35

the ____ phase is where the endometrial lining is building up

Answer 35

luteal

Question 36

definition of age of viability

Answer 36

age at which a preterm newborn may survive outside the womb with medical care; brain is able to regulate basic functions

Question 37

when is the age of viability?

Answer 37

about 22 weeks

Question 38

definition of contraception

Answer 38

the deliberate prevention of conception or impregnation by any of various drugs, techniques, or devices AKA birth control

Question 39

what are 4 natural methods of contraception?

Answer 39

1. fertility awareness-based methods 2. withdrawal 3. lactational amenorrhea method 4. abstinence

Question 40

definition of expected (theoretical) contraception effectiveness/failure

Answer 40

how effective a method should be during the first year if used consistently and correctly (not very accurate, negates a lot of factors)

Question 41

definition of reported effectiveness/failure for contraception

Answer 41

how effective a method is during the 1st year of use (not necessarily consistently and correctly (still misleading, but slightly more accurate than expected rate)

Question 42

definition of lowest expected failure rate

Answer 42

percentage of women who have an unplanned pregnancy in the 1st year of using a method consistently and correctly

Question 43

definition of typical failure rate

Answer 43

percentage of women who have an unplanned pregnancy in the 1st year of use (not necessarily consistently or correctly)

Question 44

what is the pearl index?

Answer 44

a crude technique of measuring contraceptive effectiveness

Question 45

the Pearl index represents the number of ___ per ____

Answer 45

unintended pregnancies per 100 women years of exposure

Question 46

when calculating the Pearl index, if exposure in months is the denominator, the multiplier is _____

Answer 46

1200

Question 47

when calculating the Pearl index, if the denominator is cycles, the multiplier is ___

Answer 47

1300

Question 48

is a lower or higher Pearl index represent a more effective method

Answer 48

lower

Question 49

score of 1 for contraindication to contraception means

Answer 49

no contraindication

Question 50

score of 2 for contraception contraindication means

Answer 50

benefit generally outweighs the risk

Question 51

score of 3 for contraception contraindication means

Answer 51

risk typically outweighs the benefits

Question 52

score of 4 for contraception contraindication

Answer 52

contraindicated

Question 53

internal condoms are made of what material?

Answer 53

Fc2 (nitrile, non-latex polymer)

Question 54

internal condoms used to be made of FC1 (polyurethane), why are they made of Fc2 now?

Answer 54

lower cost

Question 55

t/f new Fc2 internal condoms maintain the same level of protection from pregnancy and STI as Fc1

Answer 55

t

Question 56

t/f internal condoms are non-allergic

Answer 56

t

Question 57

what type of lube can be used with Fc2 internal condoms?

Answer 57

oil, water, and silicone lubricants can be used

Question 58

what is a silicone-based lubricant?

Answer 58

synthetic substance that is water resistant with few allergic reactions

Question 59

what type of lubricants is put on the internal condoms by their manufacturer?

Answer 59

silicone-based

Question 60

does Fc2 have spermicide?

Answer 60

no

Question 61

what is the expected failure rate of internal condoms?

Answer 61

3-5%

Question 62

what is the expected failure rate of internal condom?

Answer 62

18-21%

Question 63

internal condoms can be inserted up to __ hours before intercourse

Answer 63

8 hrs

Question 64

when is it recommended to remove an internal condom?

Answer 64

after sex, before standing up (want to avoid leakage)

Question 65

can internal condoms protect against STI and HIV?

Answer 65

should prevent these infections if used consistently and correctly, but there is no good data to support this

Question 66

how much does a 3 pack of internal Fc2 condoms cost?

Answer 66

$15

Question 67

Advantages of internal condom

Answer 67

1. STI & HIV protection 2. relatively easy to use 3. no Rx required 4. less likely than external condom to rupture 5. Does not contain latex 6. Can be used with all types of lubricants and other vaginal products

Question 68

disadvantages of internal condoms

Answer 68

1. may not be aesthetically pleasing 2. some find it hard to use 3. cant be used with male condom

Question 69

what is the expected failure rate of external condoms?

Answer 69

2%

Question 70

what is the reported failure of external condoms?

Answer 70

12-18%

Question 71

what type of condom is most likely to break?

Answer 71

polyurethan (compared to latex and polyisoprene)

Question 72

indication for external condoms

Answer 72

prevention of pregnancy, STI and cervical dysplasia

Question 73

what is the "gold standard" form of external condom?

Answer 73

latex

Question 74

what are the disadvantages of lamb cecum condoms?

Answer 74

1. not as elastic as latex 2. Has pores that dost allow passage of sperm, but do allow passage of STI 3. more expensive than latex

Question 75

polyurethane is a type of _____

Answer 75

plastic

Question 76

what are 2 benefits of polyurethane condoms compared latex?

Answer 76

1. stronger (stiffer though, which makes them more prone | 2. thinner (greater sensation)

Question 77

out of polyurethane or polyisoprene, which is softer, more form fitting, thicker, stretchier, and more resistant to breakage

Answer 77

polyisoprene

Question 78

allergies to what 3 things can be an issue with external condoms?

Answer 78

lanolin, wool (lamb cecum), or latex

Question 79

the use of spermicide on external condoms may increase risk of ___ in the partner (if the partner has a vagina). Why?

Answer 79

UTI, bc it messes with the flora of the vagina

Question 80

t/f lube with spermicide offers no additional benefit

Answer 80

t

Question 81

what STIs are latex condoms safe against?

Answer 81

those associated with discharge (chlamydia, gonorrhea, trichomoniasis)

Question 82

what STIs are condoms less effective against?

Answer 82

HPV and Hep B as these are transmitted by skin to skin contact

Question 83

t/f polyurethane condoms are not as well studied for STIs

Answer 83

t

Question 84

what is the effect of oil-based lube and vaginal medications on latex and polyisoprene condoms?

Answer 84

decreases the integrity (dont combine)

Question 85

what is the effect of oil/water based lubes on polyurethane condoms?

Answer 85

no decrease in integrity

Question 86

it is best to recommend what types of lubricants?

Answer 86

water-based (no risk of integrity issues regardless of condom chosen)

Question 87

why is it not safe to have sex if the penis cant maintain an erection during condom use?

Answer 87

more likely to have semen leak out of the condom

Question 88

what are some advantages of external condoms?

Answer 88

1. easiliy accessible 2. easy to use 3. cheap 4. STI & HIV protection 5. no systemic effects 6. erection enhancement

Question 89

what are some disadvantages of external condoms?

Answer 89

1. potential slippage/breakage 2. must withdrawal before erection is lost 3. "interruption of lovemaking" 4. may interfere with sensation and result in loss of erection