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Hosa > Intro to CLS > Flashcards

Intro to CLS Flashcards

1
Q

Accessioning

A

The process where specimens are logged in, labeled, and assigned identification codes

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2
Q

Accreditation

A

Voluntary process in which a private, independent agency grants recognition to institution or programs that meet exceed established standards of quality.

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3
Q

AABB

A

American Association of Blood Banks:

International association that sets blood bank standards, accredits blood banks, and promotes high standards of performance in the practice of transfusion medicine.

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4
Q

Bacteriology

A

Study of bacteria

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5
Q

blood bank

A

Clinical laboratory department (immunohematology department) where blood components are tested and stores until needed for transfusion.

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6
Q

CDC

A

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention:

Central laboratory for the national public health system and provides services to state public labs and physicians, along with materials and guidelines

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7
Q

CMS

A

Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services
(HCFA-HealthCare Financing Administration)

Agency within the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) responsible for implementing CLIA ‘88. Responsible for providing coverage and availability to citizens of the US.

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8
Q

CLSI

A

Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute
(NCCLS-National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards)

An international, nonprofit organization that establishes standards of best current practices for clinical laboratories

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9
Q

Clinical Chemistry

A

Laboratory section that uses chemical principles to analyze blood and other body fluids.
Ex: Blood glucose, cholesteerol, assays of heart and liver enzymes, electrolytes (potassium , sodium, chloride, bicarbonate).
-Can have subdivisions like special chemistry (electrophoresis) or toxicology (Blood or urine analysis to determine drug presence).

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10
Q

CLIA ‘88

A

Clinical Laboratory Improved Amendments of 1988

-Federal act that minimizes performance standards for clinical laboratories.
-Ensure quality of laboratory work.

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11
Q

Coagulation

A

The process of forming a fibrin clot; the laboratory department that performs hemostasis testing (stopping of bleeding from a vessel).
Tests are used to diagonose patients who have defects in their blood-clotting mechanism.

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12
Q

CAP

A

College of American Pathologists

Agency that offers accreditation to clinical laboratories and certification to clinical laboratory personnel.

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13
Q

COLA

A

Commission on Office Laboratory Accreditation

Agency that offers accreditation to physician office laboratories.

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14
Q

DHHS

A

Department of Health and Human Services

Governmental agency that oversees public health care matters

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15
Q

FDA

A

Food and Drug Administration

the division of the DHHS responsible for protecting public health by assuring the safety of foods, drugs, biological products, medical devices, and cosmetics.

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16
Q

Epidemiology

A

CDC important area-the study of factors that cause disease and determine disease frequency and distribution.
-Data is gathered concerning the origin, distribution, and occurrence of diseases, especially outbreaks.

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17
Q

HIPAA

A

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996

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18
Q

Immunohematology

A

The study of human blood groups or blood banking

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19
Q

Immunology

A

Branch of medicine encompassing the study of immune processes and immunity.

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20
Q

JC

A

Join Commission
(JCAHO-Join Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations)

Independent agency that accredits hospitals and large health care facilities

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21
Q

LRN

A

Laboratory Response Network

-Nationwide network of laboratories coordinated by the CDC with the ability for rapid response to threats to public health
-Ensure that state and private laboratories were able to respond to threats in health.

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22
Q

Microbiology

A

Branch of biology dealing with microbes.
-Bacteriology procedures make up a lot of the work.
-Viruses as well

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23
Q

Mycology

A

Study of Fungi

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24
Q

Parasitology

A

Study of parasites

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25
Q

Pathologist

A

Physician specially trained in the nature and cause of disease.
AKA director of the hospital laboratory.

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26
Q

Phlebotomist

A

health care worker trained in blood collection

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27
Q

POL

A

Physician office laboratory

Small medical laboratory located within a physician office, group practice, or clinic.
-In 2006, 54% laboratories were classified as POLs.
-Can test hemoglobin, hematocrit, urine, pregnancy, blood glucose, occult blood.

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28
Q

Plasma

A

Liquid portion of blood in which the blood cells are suspended; the straw-colored liquid remaining after blood cells are removed from anti-coagulated blood.

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29
Q

POCT

A

Point of care testing

Testing outside traditional laboratory setting that is also called beside testing, offsite testing, or alternate-site testing.

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30
Q

PT

A

Proficiency testing

Program in which a laboratory’s accuracy in performing analyses is evaluated at regular intervals and compared to performance of similar laboratories.

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31
Q

PPMP

A

Provider performed microscopy procedure

Certificate category under CLIA ‘88

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32
Q

QA

A

Quality assessment

In the laboratory, a program that monitors the total testing process with the aim of providing the highest-quality patient care; “Quality assurance”

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33
Q

Reference laboratory

A

-Independent regional laboratory that offers routine and specialized testing services to hospitals and physicians. Large hospitals use them when infrequent or complex tests are requested.
-Usually privately owned, regional laboratories that do high volume testing.

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34
Q

Serum

A

The liquid obtained from blood that has been allowed to clot

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35
Q

Serology

A

The study of antigens and antibodies in serum using immunological methods; laboratory testing based on the immunological properties of serum

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36
Q

Virology

A

Study of Viruses

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37
Q

Numberof private and commercial laboratories in the U.S.

A

196,000

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38
Q

Small Hospital Labs

A

-Less than 100 beds
-May perform only routine tests
-Complicated requested tests may be sent to reference laboratories

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39
Q

Medium Hospital Labs

A

-up to 300 beds
-Routine tests and more complicated test procedures are performed
-Only recently developed tests, infrequently requested tests, and complex tests would be sent to reference labs

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40
Q

Large Hospital Labs

A

-300+ beds
Can handle large volumes of work and perform complex tests

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41
Q

Under CLIA ‘88, laboratories are classified as performing (3)…

A

-Waived tests
-Tests of moderate and high complexity
-Provider-performed microscopy procedures (PPMP)

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42
Q

5 CLIA certificates

A

1) Certificate of Waiver
2) Certificate for PPMP
3) Certificate for Registration
4) Certificate of Compliance
5) Certificate of Accreditation

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43
Q

Waived tests

A

Lab with certificate of waiver can only perform tests that are so simple and can be determined by CDC and FDA

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44
Q

Unwaived tests of 2004

A

74,000 labs performed tests that were unwaived out of 180,000 certified laboratories.

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45
Q

Laboratory Director Requirements

A

-Licensed by the state
-Hold a degree of doctor of medicine, doctor of osteopathy, or earned a doctorate in related clinical field.
-Hold certification from appropriate body
-Have supervisory and clinical lab experience

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46
Q

Clinical/technical consultants

A

For when hospitals don’t have a full time pathologist. Assist the laboratory director in matters of test appropriateness and interpretation or in technical matters related to test methods.

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47
Q

Hematology

A

Quantitative: Number of leukocytes, erythrocytes, platelets which can be performed manually or on a cell counter or hematology analyzer.
Qualitative: cell size, shape, maturity. Microscopes normally can help a worker view blood to spot any abnormalities in the blood smear.

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48
Q

Urinalysis

A

Study of Urine.
-Can be a separate department in a large laboratory in hematology or chemistry.

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49
Q

HIPAA Rules

A

1) Requires all healthcare facilities to use measures to keep patient info private
2) permits disclosure of information that is needed for patient care
3) Patient must be informed of their privacy rights and patients must give written permission for info to be shared to others.
4) Computers must be password protected
5) Computers should be positioned so visitors, patients, and other personnel cannot view the screen.
6) Use specimen codes instead of names.

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50
Q

AMT

A

American Medical Technologists

Professional society and credentialing agency for clinical laboratory personnel

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50
Q

AAMA

A

American Association of Medical Assistants

Professional society and credentialing agency for medical assistants

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51
Q

ASCLS

A

American Society for Clinical Laboratory Science

Professional society and credentialing agency for clinical laboratory personnel.

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52
Q

ASCP

A

American Society for Clinical Pathology

Professional society and credentialing agency for clinical laboratory personnel and allied health personnel.

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53
Q

ASPT

A

American Society of Phlebotomy Technicians

Professional society and credentialing agency for phlebotomists

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54
Q

Clinical Laboratory Science

A

The health profession concerned with performing laboratory analyses used in diagnosing and treating disease, as well as in maintaining good health; the field of medical laboratory technology.
-Works like a medical detective to diagnose and discover.

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55
Q

CLS

A

Clinical laboratory Scientist (Medical technologist)

Has…
-Baccalaureate degree from accredited college
-Completed clinical training in an accredited clinical laboratory science program
-has passed a national certifying examination

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56
Q

CLT

A

Clinical (Medical) Laboratory Technician

Has…
-Completed a minimum of 2 years of specific training in an accredited clinical laboratory technician program
-passed a national certifying examination

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57
Q

CAAHEP

A

Commission on Accreditation of Allied Health Education Programs (CAHEA)

Agency that accredits educational programs for clinical laboratory personnel

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58
Q

Ethics

A

System if conduct or behavior; rules of professional conduct

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59
Q

NAACLS

A

National Accrediting Agency for Clinical Laboratory Sciences

Agency that accredits educational programs for clinical laboratory personnel

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60
Q

NCA

A

National Credentialing Agency for Laboratory Personnel

Credentialing agency for clinical laboratory personnel

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61
Q

NPA

A

National Phlebotomy Association

Professional society and credentialing agency for phlebotomist

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62
Q

World War 1 Impact on Labs

A

It became clear that we needed…
-Educating laboratory workers
-Defining educational requirements
-Identifying adequately trained persons

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63
Q

Autoclave

A

An instrument that uses pressurized steam for sterilization
-Insulated gloves should be worn when removing hot items

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64
Q

Carcinogen

A

A substance with the potential to produce cancer in humans or animals

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65
Q

Caustic

A

A chemical substance having the ability to burn or destroy tissue.
Ex: Potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, sulfuric acid, nitric acid.
-When handling chemicals, apron and gloves should be worn to protect against splashes.

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66
Q

Centrifuge

A

Instrument with rotor that rotates at high speeds in a closed chamber.
-Has a safety latch that prevents the devices from being turned on unless lid is latched.

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67
Q

Chemical Hygiene Plan

A

Comprehensive written safety plan detailing the proper use and storage of hazardous chemicals in the workplace.

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68
Q

Fume hood

A

Device that draws contaminated air out of an area and either cleanses and recirculates it, or discharges it to the outside

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69
Q

NIOSH

A

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

Federal agency responsible for workplace safety research and that makes recommendations for preventing work-related illness and injury

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70
Q

OSH act

A

Occupational Safety and health act

Congressional act of 1970 created to help reduce on-the-job illnesses, injuries, and deaths, and requires employers to provide safe working conditions.

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71
Q

OSHA

A

Occupational Safety and Health Administration

the federal agency that creates workplace safety regulations and enforces the OSH act.
-Can arrive unannounced to conduct inspections

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72
Q

PPE

A

Personal Protective Equipment

Specialized clothing or equipment used by workers to protect from direct exposure to blood or other potentially infectious or hazardous materials.
-Masks, goggles, face shield, protection against inhalation of fumes, and gloves.

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73
Q

Radioisotope

A

Unstable form of an element that emits radiation and can be incorporated into diagnostic tests, medical therapies, and biomedical research; radioactive isotope.

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74
Q

SOP

A

Standard Opening Procedures

Required to be posted to ensure safety of laboratories

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75
Q

Electrical Safety

A

-Minor repairs require instrument to be disconnected before work
-All plugs and cords must be kept away
-Circuits must not be overloaded

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76
Q

MSDS

A

Material Safety Data Sheet

Information describing the hazard of the chemical, ppe, and body organs that could be affected by experiment. These must be kept where every employee has access to them.

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77
Q

AIDS

A

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Form of severe immunodeficiency caused by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

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78
Q

Aerosol

A

Liquid in the form of a very fine mist

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79
Q

Alimentary tract

A

The digestive tube from the mouth to the anus

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80
Q

Antiseptic

A

A chemical used on living tissues to control the growth of infectious agents

81
Q

Biohazard

A

Risk or hazard to health or the environmental from biological agents

82
Q

BBP

A

Blood-borne Pathogens

Pathogens that can be present in human blood (and blood-contaminated body fluids) and that cause disease.

83
Q

BBP Standard

A

OSHA guidelines for preventing occupational exposure to pathogens present in human blood and body fluids, including, but not limited to, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV); final OSHA standard of December 6, 1991, effective March 6, 1992.

84
Q

Disinfectant

A

Chemical used on inanimate objects to kill or inactivate microbes

85
Q

Engineering control

A

Use of available technology and equipment to protect the worker from hazards

86
Q

Exposure control plan

A

Plan identifying employees at risk of exposure to blood-borne pathogens and providing training in methods to prevent exposure.

87
Q

Exposure incident

A

An accident, such as needle stick, in which an individual is exposed to possible infection through contact with body substances from another individual.

88
Q

HBV

A

Hepatitis B virus

The virus that causes hepatitis B infection and is transmitted by contact with infected blood or other body fluids.

89
Q

HCV

A

Hepatitis C virus

The virus that causes hepatitis C infection and is transmitted by contact with infected blood or other body fluids

90
Q

HIV

A

Human immunodeficiency virus

The retrovirus that has been identified as the cause of AIDS

91
Q

Isolation

A

The practice of limiting the movement and social contact of a patient who is potentially infectious or who must be protected from exposure to infectious agents; quarentine.

92
Q

Nosocomial

A

Hospital acquired disease; acquired as a result of being hospitalized or institutionalized

93
Q

OPIM

A

Other Potentially Infectious Materials

Any and all body fluids, tissues, organs, or other specimens from a human source

94
Q

Parenteral

A

Any route other than by the alimentary canal; intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular, or mucousal

95
Q

Pathogenic

A

Capable of causing damage or injury to the host

96
Q

Standard Precautions

A

Set of comprehensive safety guidelines designed to protect patients and healthcare workers by requiring that all patients and all body fluids, body substances, organs, and unfixed tissues be regarded as potentially infectious.

97
Q

Sterlization

A

The act of eliminating all living microorganisms from an article or area

98
Q

Transmission-Based Precautions

A

Specific safety practices used in addition to Standard Precautions when treating patients known to be or suspected of being infected with pathogens that can be spread by air, droplet, or contact

99
Q

Universal Precautions

A

Method of infection control in which human blood and other body fluids containing visible blood are treated as if infectious

100
Q

Work practice controls

A

Methods of performing tasks that reduce the worker’s exposure to blood and other potentially harzardous materials.

101
Q

Accuracy

A

Measure of how close a determined value is to the true value

102
Q

Average

A

The sum of a set of values divided by the number of values; the mean

103
Q

Blind sample

A

An assayed sample that is sent as an unknown to laboratories for PT programs

104
Q

Calibtration

A

The process of checking, standardizing, or adjusting a method or instrument so that it yields accurate result

105
Q

Coefficient of variation

A

Calculated value that compares the relative variability between different sets of data. (Standard Deviation divided by mean multiplied by 100 as a percentage)

106
Q

Controls

A

solutions usually made from human serum, and with a known concentration of the same constituents at those being measured in the patient sample.

107
Q

Gaussian curve

A

Graph plotting the distribution of values around the mean; normal frequency curve

108
Q

Levey Jennings chart

A

Quality control chard used to record daily quality control values

109
Q

Mean

A

The sum of a set of values divided by the number of values; the average

110
Q

Popoulation

A

Entire group of items or individuals from which the samples under consideration are presumed to have come

111
Q

Precision

A

Reproducibility of results; the closeness of obtained values to each other

112
Q

QC

A

Quality Control

system that verifies the reliability of analytical test results through the use of standards, controls, and statistical analysis

113
Q

QS

A

Quality Systems

in an institution, comprehensive program in which all areas of operation are monitored to ensure quality with the aim of providing the highest quality patient care

114
Q

Random error

A

Error whose source cannot be definitely identified

115
Q

Sample

A

a subgroup of population

116
Q

Shift

A

An abrupt change from t he established mean indicated by the occurrence of all control values on one sided of the mean

117
Q

Standard

A

Chemical solution of a known concentration that can be used as a reference or calibration substance

118
Q

Statistics

A

Branch of mathematics that deals with collection, classification, analysis, and interpretation of numerical data; collection of quantitative data

119
Q

Systematic Error

A

Variation that can influence results to be consistently higher or lower than the real value

120
Q

Trend

A

Indication of error in analysis, detected by increasing or decreasing values in the control sample

121
Q

Varience

A

The square of the standard deviation; mean square deviation

122
Q

Westgard’s rules

A

Set of rules used to determine when a method is out of control.

123
Q

Beaker

A

Wide-mouthed, straight-sided container with a pouring spout formed from the rim and used to make estimated measurements

124
Q

Borosilicate glass

A

Nonreactive glass with high thermal resistance and commonly used to make high-quality labware

125
Q

Critical measurements

A

measurements made when the accuracy of the concentration of a solution is important using glassware manufactured to strict standards.

126
Q

Flask

A

Container with an enlarged body and a narrow neck

127
Q

Flint glass

A

inexpensive glass with low resistance to heat and chemicals

128
Q

Graduated cylinder

A

upright container with a flared base and volume scale

129
Q

Labware

A

Articles or containers intended for laboratory use

130
Q

Meniscus

A

The curved upper surface of a liquid in container

131
Q

Micropipet

A

pipet that measures or holds one milliliter or less

132
Q

Micropetter

A

Mechanical pipetter than can measure or deliver very small volumes, usually less than 1.0 mL

133
Q

Noncritical measurements

A

Estimated measurements made in containers that estimate volume

134
Q

Pipet

A

Slender tube used in laboratory for measuring and transferring liquids

135
Q

Polyethylene

A

Plastic polymer of ethylene used for containers

136
Q

polypropylene

A

Lightweight plastic polymer of propylene that resists moisture and solvents and is heat sterilizer

137
Q

Polystyrene

A

Clear, colorless polymer of styrene used for labware

138
Q

Quartz glass

A

expensive glass with excellent light transmission; used for curvettes; silica glass

139
Q

Reagent

A

Substance or solution used in laboratory analyses; substance involved in a chemical reaction

140
Q

Solute

A

the substance dissolved in a given solution

141
Q

Solvent

A

Dissolving agent, usually a liquid

142
Q

TC

A

To Contain

143
Q

TD

A

To Deliver

144
Q

Deionized water

A

Water that has had most of the mineral ions removed

145
Q

Microfuge

A

A centrifuge that spins micro centrifuge tubes at high rates of speed

146
Q

pH

A

measurement of the hydrogen ion concentration expressing the degree of acidity or alkalinity of a solution

147
Q

Reverse osmosis

A

Purification of water by forcing water through a semi-permeable membrane

148
Q

Rotor

A

Part of centrifuge that holds the tubes and rotates

149
Q

Serlogical centrifuge

A

Centrifuge that spins small tubes such as those used in blood banking

150
Q

Binocular

A

Having two oculars

151
Q

Coarse adjustment

A

Control that adjusts position of microscope objectives and is used to initially bring objects into focus

152
Q

electron microscope

A

Microscope that uses an electron beam to create images from a specimen and that is capable of much greater magnification and resolving power than a light microscope

153
Q

Eyepiece

A

occular

154
Q

Field diaphragm

A

adjustable aperture attached to microscope base

155
Q

Fine adjustment

A

Control that adjusts position of objectives and is used to sharpen focus

156
Q

Iris diaphragm

A

Device that regulates the amount of light striking the specimen being viewed through the microscope

157
Q

Kohler illumination

A

Alignment of illuminating light for microscopy; double diaphragm illumination

158
Q

lens

A

curved transparent material that spreads/focuses light

159
Q

lens paper

A

special nonabrasive material used to clean lenses

160
Q

microscope arm

A

the portion of the microscope that connects the lenses to the base

161
Q

microscope base

A

the portion of the microscope that connects the lenses to the base

162
Q

monocular

A

having one ocular or eyepiece

163
Q

objective

A

magnifying lens closest to the object being viewed with microscope

164
Q

ocular

A

eyepiece of microscope that contains magnifying lens

165
Q

parfocal

A

having objectives that can be interchanged without varying the instrument’s focus

166
Q

resolving power

A

the ability of microscope to produce separate images of two closely-spaced objects

167
Q

stage

A

platform that holds object

168
Q

working distance

A

distance between microscope objective and the microscope slide when the object is in sharp focus.

169
Q

diluent

A

liquid added to a solution to make it less concentrated

170
Q

dilution

A

solution made less concentrated by adding diluent

171
Q

formula weight

A

weight of entity represented by chemical formula; molecular weight

172
Q

lyophilize

A

remove water from frozen solution; freeze-dry

173
Q

molar solution

A

solution containing one mole of solute per liter of solution

174
Q

mole

A

formula weight of substance expressed with grams

175
Q

present solution

A

solution made by adding units of solute per 100 units of solution

176
Q

proportion

A

relationship in number to compare one portion or to the whole

177
Q

ratio

A

relationship in number or degree of two things

178
Q

solute

A

substance dissolved in a given solution

179
Q

solution

A

homogeneous mixture of two or more substances

180
Q

solvent

A

dissolving agent

181
Q

titer

A

the reciprocal of highest dilution that gives the desired reaction

182
Q

capillary

A

minute blood vessel that connects small arteries to small veins ans serves as oxygen exchange vessel

183
Q

capillary action

A

action by which fluid enters a tube because of attraction between fluid and tube

184
Q

capillary tube

A

slender glass or plastic tube used for lab procedures

185
Q

heparin

A

anticoagulant used in certain procedures and in treatment for thrombosis

186
Q

lancet

A

sterile, sharp blade used to perform a capillary procedure

187
Q

lateral

A

toward the side

188
Q

basilic vein

A

large vein on inner side of arm

189
Q

caphalic vein

A

superficial vein of arm commonly used for venipuncture

190
Q

guage

A

measure of diameter of needle

191
Q

hematoma

A

swelling of tissue around vessel due to leakage of blood into tissue

192
Q

hemoconcentration

A

increase in concentration of cellular elements in blood

193
Q

hemolysis

A

rupture or destruction of RBC resulting in release of hemoglobin

194
Q

hypodermic needle

A

hollow needle used for injections or for obtaining fluid specimens

195
Q

lumen

A

the open space within a tubular organ or tissue

196
Q

median cubital vein

A

superficial vein located in the bend of the elbow that connects the cephalic vein to the baslic vein

197
Q

palpate

A

to examine by touch

198
Q

phlebotomy

A

venipuncture; entry of vein with needle

199
Q
A

Hosa (2 decks)

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