Intro to Clinical Pathology and Hematology

Question 1

What are the 3 reasons for ANEMIA?

Answer 1

Bone Marrow Malfunction
Hemorrhage
Hemolysis

Question 2

Non-mammalians and amphibians are different because…

Answer 2

They have a nucleated RBC

Question 3

What is the MOST COMMON reason to have LOW LYMPHOCYTE COUNT?

Answer 3

Stress - corticosteroids (endogenous/exogenous)

Question 4

What endocrine disorder cause LACK of a STRESS LEUKOGRAM?

Answer 4

Addisons Dz

Question 5

What endocrine disorder causes a STRESS LEUKOGRAM?

Answer 5

Cushings Dz

Question 6

What stain can you use to demonstrate Heinz body and Reticulocytes well?

Answer 6

Brilliant Cresol Blue shows them better than Wrights

Question 7

What is a Heinz body?

Answer 7

Denatured hemoglobin in RBC

Question 8

What is the only thing that can cause a high Albumin reading?

Answer 8

DEHYDRATION

Question 9

What are the causes of high bilirubin concentration in blood?

Answer 9

RBC destruction
Liver problems (cholestasis/hepatic destruction)
Diabetes

Question 10

What is TCO2?

Answer 10

Bicarb

Question 11

A decrease in you TCO2 demonstrates…

Answer 11

Metabolic acidosis

Question 12

Anion Gap

Answer 12

Cations have to equal Anions (Na+K) - (HCO3 +Cl)= anion gap. Roughly around 5-15

Question 13

What could clumped platelets falsely lower?

Answer 13

Lower the platelet count - would need to look at blood film to confirm
In addition, it could artificially increase the RDW

Question 14

What do large platelets on a blood film represent?

Answer 14

That immature platelets are being released (either destruction or consumption of platelets)

Question 15

What is the difference between PCV and Hematocrit?

Answer 15

PCV is obtained by a manual test

HCT is calculated by the computer/machine

Question 16

What is common to see with hemangiosarcoma? Cells? Clinical signs?

Answer 16

Cells- Acanthocytes and Shistocytes

Clinical signs- periods of intermittent weakness and abdominal effusion

Question 17

What can an increase in MCV represent?

Answer 17

Mean Cell Volume - regeneration of RBC (Reticulocytes/immature RBCs)
Not the only cause though

Question 18

What is the order of maturation of a WBC?

Answer 18

Myeloblast
Progranulocyte
Myelocyte
Metamyelocyte
Band Neutrophil
Mature Neutrophil

Question 19

What does the demonstration of metamyelocytes?

Answer 19

Severe Inflammation - should not seem them in peripheral blood

Question 20

What is common to see in dogs with IMHA?

Answer 20

Inflammatory Leukograms bc of-
1- cytokine release
2- animals have necrosis related to anemia or to small clot formation secondary to DIC

Question 21

What is specific about puppies and their TP?

Answer 21

Pups have slightly lower PCV and protein

Question 22

Most probable cause of microcytic anemia?

Answer 22

Iron deficiency anemia 99% - other cause inflammatory anemia

Question 23

Why would 50% of p w/ iron deficiency anemia have increased platelets?

Answer 23

Bc megakaryocytes are responsive to EPO due to the increase in EPO due to the anemia

Question 24

What are some causes of bone marrow failure?

Answer 24

Infectious dz
Chemicals
Toxins
Radiation

Question 25

What will you NOT suspect if platelet count is less than 100,000?

Answer 25

That the decrease in platelets is due to bleeding - there is another underlying reason behind it

Question 26

Purple Top

Answer 26

EDTA w/ potassium salt that preserves cell morphology

Question 27

If you cross contaminate a purple top to a red top you will have abnormal levels

Answer 27

Hyperkalemic value | Hypocalcemic

Question 28

Red Top

Answer 28

Contains nothing - allows for serum to be collected

Question 29

Tiger Top

Answer 29

Contains a density media for separation the serum

Question 30

Green Top

Answer 30

Heparin that's an anticoagulant

Question 31

Blue Top

Answer 31

Contains citrate - coagulation tests

Question 32

Gray Top

Answer 32

Fluoride - inhibits glucose metabolism (every 1/2hr there is a 10% drop in glucose in normal)

Question 33

When collecting blood, how much should you use?

Answer 33

5mL for a CBC and biochem Use a 20G needle Excess EDTA can shrink cells and cause erroneous PCV and MCV

Question 34

How quickly should you analyze a blood sample?

Answer 34

Within 1 hour | Make blood film and then refrigerate the tube

Question 35

Can we refrigerate blood films?

Answer 35

NO bc it can cause cell lysis (condensation) and DO NOT FREEZE

Question 36

T or F | If blood is out for +24 hours RBCs swell and increase MCV

Answer 36

TRUE

Question 37

What species blood settles very quickly - making you need to mix it well?q

Answer 37

Horse Blood

Question 38

What is the PCV?

Answer 38

Percentage of whole blood composed of RBC

Question 39

What is the "Buffy Coat" made up of?

Answer 39

Nucleated RBC Platelets Leukocytes

Question 40

What does yellow pigmentation of plasma mean? White?

Answer 40

Yellow- Icterus or Carotene pigments in the diet | White- Lipemia

Question 41

What can cause a red serum?

Answer 41

Invitro hemolysis

Question 42

How do you measure plasma protein in practice?

Answer 42

A refractometer

Question 43

What can artificially increase the plasma protein?

Answer 43

Lipemia Urea Cholesterol

Question 44

What makes up your total plasma protein?

Answer 44

Albumin Globulin Clotting factors

Question 45

What does decreased TP and PCV decrease represent?

Answer 45

Blood loss

Question 46

What 3 stains make up your diff quick?

Answer 46

Alcohol - blue Eosin - red Ethylene Blue - dark blue purple

Question 47

What cells can be demonstrated at the feathered edge?

Answer 47

Higher density cells- Platelet clumps Microfilaria Large neoclassic cells

Question 48

Does the presence of nucleated RBCs does not demonstrate regenerative anemia. We want to see polychromatophilic cells. T or F?

Answer 48

TRUE

Question 49

What virus in a pup has vomiting, diarrhea, and low nucleated cell count?

Answer 49

PARVO

Question 50

What is a normal platelet count on an oil immersion field?

Answer 50

6-10 platelets

Question 51

What is the normal concentration of Hg compared to PCV?

Answer 51

1/3 of PCV is the Hg concentration

Question 52

Formulate to calculate the PCV? MCHC?

Answer 52

PCV - MCV x PBC /10 | MCHC - Hg/PCV x 100

Question 53

What does an increase in MCHC represent?

Answer 53

Increase is ALWAYS ARTIFICAL--- hemolytic, lipemia, or Heinz body Decrease ---- Fe def anemia, but not unless very severe Don't dx based on MCHC, look at MCV

Question 54

What arte your types of cell sizing/counting?

Answer 54

Light scatter measurement flow | Electronic cell counting impedence