Intro To Chemistries

Question 1

Tests for hepatocellular leakage

Answer 1

ALT, AST, SDH, LDH, GLDH

Question 2

Tests for cholestasis

Answer 2

GGT, SAP, Bilirubin

Question 3

Liver prod.

Answer 3

Albumin, urea, glucose

Question 4

Substances excreted or dependent on hepatic uptake

Answer 4

Bilirubin, bile acids, ammonia, cholesterol

Question 5

Tests for glomerular disease

Answer 5

BUN, creatinine, serum protein & albumin

Question 6

Tests for glomerular and/or tubular disease

Answer 6

Acid/base param, serum Na+, K+, Ca2+, P+, lipids

Question 7

Test fir exocrine pancreas insuff.

Answer 7

TLR (trypsinogen-like immunoreact.), oral bentiromide

Question 8

Exocrine pancreatic necrosis/inflamm.

Answer 8

Serum amylase, lipase, BUN, Creat.

Question 9

Test for endocrine pancreatic disease

Answer 9

Serum glucose

Question 10

Protein-losing enteropathy test values

Answer 10

Serum total protein, serum albumin

Question 11

Diarrhea test values

Answer 11

Acid/base param, serum electrolytes, serum Ca2+

Question 12

GIT Absorptive function test values

Answer 12

Serum folate (prox. small intestine), serum cobalamin (dist. small int), D-xylose absorption, fat absorption

Question 13

GIT Necrosis test values

Answer 13

LDH

Question 14

Muscle damage test values

Answer 14

AST, CK (cardiac & skeletal m.)

Question 15

Skeletal m. Damage test values

Answer 15

Serum ALP, Serum Ca2+ & P+

Question 16

CNS damage test valve

Answer 16

CK (elevated in csf)

Question 17

Elevations in serum enzyme activity are caused by

Answer 17

Incr. cell perm., cell death, incr. enzyme prod., excretory route blocked, impaired circ.

Question 18

Why can enzymes be good cell damage markers

Answer 18

Cell damage can cause an increase in enzyme release into interstitial fluid & serum

Question 19

Membrane transfer enzymes

Answer 19

• present in low pre-formed lvls
• cell damage -> minor to insignificant elevation

Question 20

Secretory enzymes

Answer 20

• indirect blood secretion
• enter blood via diffusion/absorption via organ prod/activity site
• usually low serum lvls
• cellular damage can elevate enzyme lvls

Question 21

What can cause ALT & AST to be decreased

Answer 21

Lack of cofactor pyridoxal-5’-phosphate (active metabolite of vitamin B6)

Question 22

Are ALT & AST liver specific in dogs?

Answer 22

No

Question 23

ALT in equine liver cells

Answer 23

Low conc., not significantly elevated w/ hepatocellular damage

Question 24

Isoenzyme

Answer 24

Enzymatically active proteins catalyzing same rxn is same species, but have diff physiochemical properties

Question 25

Common isoenzyme syst.

Answer 25

LDH, AST, CK, alk phosph., acid phosph.

Question 26

Factors affecting serum enzyme activity

Answer 26

• methods of determining enzyme activity
• subcellular enzyme loc
• degree of cell injury
• rate of degrad./excretion
• magnitude of tissue activity
• incr. enzyme synthesis
• impaired circulation

Question 27

Methods for determining enzyme activity

Answer 27

• by kinetic assays

Question 28

Subcellular location of enzyme

Answer 28

• whether its membrane bound or not
• based on locations

Question 29

Subcellular enzyme location classifications

Answer 29

• cytoplasmic
• mitochondrial
• lysosomal
• membrane

Question 30

Cytoplasmic enzymes

Answer 30

• ex: ALT, AST1, SDH, CK1-3, LDH1-5
• easily soluble 7 & released
• high pre-formed quantities

Question 31

Mitochondrial enzymes

Answer 31

• ex: AST2, OCT, ICD, GD, GLDH
• reqs. 2 or more insults bc must cross 2 membranes to exit

Question 32

Lysosomal enzymes

Answer 32

• ex: amylase, lipase, TLI

Question 33

Membrane enzymes

Answer 33

• ex: GGT, ALP
• insoluble
• firmly attached to membrane
• low preformed quantities

Question 34

Causes of cell membrane injury

Answer 34

• infectious agents
• anoxia
• metabolic alterations
• intercellular alteration

Question 35

Cell membrane damage causes serum enzyme elevations in enzymes in the……

Answer 35

Cytosol

Question 36

Serum amylase and lipase elevations are indicative of

Answer 36

Pancreatic necrosis