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intro to chems > intro to chemical industry > Flashcards

intro to chemical industry Flashcards

1
Q

first chemical to be ever produced in large amounts

A

H2SO4 sulfiric acid

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2
Q

source of potash?

A

wood ashes

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3
Q

whats was the uses of soda ash or potash?

A

in the production of glass textile soaps and paper

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4
Q

who built leblanc process in 1791?

A

nicolas leblanc

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5
Q

what does leblanc process produce?

A

soduim sulfate (caustic soda) NaOH from sea salt

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6
Q

who built the solvey process?

A

a bulgian industrial chemist ernest solvay

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7
Q

when did it start to replace the leblanc process ?

A

1915

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8
Q

amoniam bicarbonate+ ____ –> NaHCO3+NH4Cl

A

Nacl

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9
Q

what is NaHCO3?

A

sodium hydrogen carbonate

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10
Q

what is the three industrial that was developed in uae?

A

1- refineries ( adnoc)
2- fertilizers plants ( fertil )
3- aluminuim smelters ( dubal )

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11
Q

difference between chemistry and chemical engineering?

A

chemistry is the science behind products whereas chemical eng focuses on manufacturing those products.

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12
Q

give me three skilss for a successful chemist

A

laboratory skills
product development
and communication

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13
Q

give me three skills for a successful chemical engineer

A

technical skills
project management
collaboration

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14
Q

what is chemical engineering

A

production and manufacturing of products through chemical processes

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15
Q

what is the chemical processes

A

designing equipment, system
processes for refining raw materials
mixing compounding and processing chemicals

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16
Q

a chemical engineer typical tasks :

A

conducting research
designing and planning
monitoring and optimizing

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17
Q

where is chemical engineering used?

A

aerospace
biomedical
electronic

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18
Q

whats hazard?

A

chemical or physical condition tha has the potential to cause injury

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19
Q

whats process safety

A

proactive to prevent potential risks which may involve improved safety

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20
Q

chemical hazards

A

is any substance that can cause a health problem when ingested or inhaled

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21
Q

examples of chemical hazards

A

co
ammonia
chlorine

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22
Q

what are the effects of hcl

A

sharp cough
breathing difficulty
internal bleeding

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23
Q

risk is?

A

the measurement probability of occurence and severity of consequences

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24
Q

difference between occupational safety and process safety

A

occupational safety: workplace safety and indiviual workers safety
process safety involves preventing extreme hazars that deals with chemicals

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25
Q

chemical industry

A

is a complex of processes operations and organization engaged in the manufacture of chemicals and their derivatives

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26
Q

examples of chemical industries

A

petrochemicals
ceramic production
fragrances and flavours
agrochemicals

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27
Q

types of chemical industries

A

basic chemicals
specialty chemicals
consumer products
pharmaceuticals

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28
Q

types of chemical reaction

A

combination
decomposition
substitution
double replacement

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29
Q

what is a combustion reaction?

A

it is a special combination reaction an exothermic reaction where substances react with oxygen gas, releasing energy in form of light aand heat

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30
Q

whats a difference between a batch and continuoes production process

A

a batch production process: producing items in groups stage by stage
a continoues production process: the reactants materials are continouesly added into the reaction vessel.

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31
Q

gangue is?

A

impurity in the ore

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32
Q

ore is?

A

a deposit of precious minerals in the earth crust, a mixture of valuable minerals toghether with unwanted rocks and minerals.

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33
Q

examples of ore

A

copper
silver
iron

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34
Q

when is the ore considered a gangue?

A

when the concentration of minerals/ metals is too low to justify

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35
Q

whats a run-of-mine?

A

mined ores materials that have not been treated

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36
Q

list the stages of mineral processing

A

comminution
separation and liberation

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37
Q

what happens in the comminution stage?

A

liberation stage of crushing and grinding the rock into minerals and gangue

38
Q

processes of comminution is

A

crushing
screening
gridding
classification

39
Q

seperation methods stages

A

sorting
gravity and dense medium separation
magnetic seperation
froth flotation

40
Q

liberation and separation is to

A

recover and concentrate valuable minerals

41
Q

sulphuric acid manufacturing from two materials

A

from elemental sulfur SO2
from pyrite FeS2

42
Q

what catalyst is used to produce sulphuric acid from elemental sulfur?

A

vanadium pentoxide

43
Q

a method of producing sulphuric acid by oxidizing SO2 with moist air .

A

chamber process

44
Q

bauxite is a mixture of

A

aluminuim hydroxide
iron oxide
titanuim dioxide
kaolinite

45
Q

whats the percentage of aluminium oxide that is present in bauxite?

A

30 - 60%

46
Q

what happens in the bayer process

A

bauxite is crushed mixed in a solution of soduim hydroxide and seeded with crystals to precepitate aluminuim hydroxide.

47
Q

list the processes of production of aluminuim

A

digestion
clarification
precipitation
calcination

48
Q

soap are made of:

A

natural plant oil and fats like coconut vegetable oil or animal fat

49
Q

detergents are:

A

soaps that are made of synthetic organic materials containing branched

50
Q

most commen detergents are

A

alkylbenzene sulfonates

51
Q

why is detergents stronger than soaps?

A

because its is meant to be used for greasy or oily buildups on surfaces and others

52
Q

list the four basic raw materials in manufacturing soap

A

oils and fats
soda lye or potash lye
brine
additives

53
Q

what are the soap production methods

A

cold process
hot process
semi-bioled process

54
Q

what are the industrial soap production process?

A

saponification
glycerin removal
soap purification
finishing

55
Q

saponification calculation formula is

A

sv=56.1x(b-s)n/w
where sv is saponification value
b = standerd hydrochloric acid for blank
s = standard hydrochloric acid for sample
n = normality of standard hydrochloric acid
w = weight in gm of the oil/fat

56
Q

amount of x saponification = ?

A

amount of lye

57
Q

amount of lye/0.3 = ?

A

total weight of lye water solution

58
Q

total weight of lye water solution - amount of lye= ?

A

amount of water

59
Q

detergent is produced in the form of :

A

powder or liquid

60
Q

formulation of different ingredient that are:

A

active LAB
soduim carbonate soduim metasilicate Na2SIO3
soduim bicarbonate
oil soluble yellow color etc.

61
Q

what does LAB stand for?

A

L linear
A alklyl
B benzene

62
Q

detergent production ingredient include:

A

solvent
surfactant
additives

63
Q

a spray dried process is:

A

the process of producing detergents through mixing ingredient heating them and then spraying down the droplets into current of hot air which forms granules as they dry. then cool it and add additives

64
Q

definition of fertilizers

A

natural or synthetic nurturing compounds that improve plants growth by enhancing soil fertility

65
Q

example organic fertilizers:

A

agricultural waste
livestock manure
industrial waste

66
Q

example of inorganic fertilizers

A

nitrogen fertilizers
phosphorus fertilizers
potassuim fertilizers

67
Q

uses of fertilizers

A

provide additional nutrients to the soil

68
Q

process of fertilizers that are knowen

A

haber process
ostwald process

69
Q

all inorganic fertilizers share the same step and it is ?

A

mixing nitrogen from the air with hydrogen from natural gas at high tempreture and pressure to create ammonia!

70
Q

what are the industrial gases

A

nitrogen
oxygen
CO2
argon
hydrogen
helium
acetylene

71
Q

whats a cryogenic seperation

A

a processes that involve air seperation where its divided into basic primery components

72
Q

what is the pulp and paper come from/ main component?

A

forest wood
specifically heartwood or sap wood

73
Q

what part is heartwood and sap wood?

A

sapwood is the outer of the wood stemor branch
where heartwood is the inner part of the wood branch

74
Q

whats the prosses of turning wood into pulp and paper?

A

chipping and screening of wood
cellulose fibers is produced to make pulp by seperating the fibers from wood
then pulp is fed to the paper machine to produce paper

75
Q

nuclear fission is

A

the splitting a heavy atomic nucleus such a uranuim

76
Q

nuclear power plants use ______. produced during the nuclear fission to ______ water. (one word for the same blanks)

A

heat

77
Q

what are the components of a nuclear power plants

A

nuclear reactor
steam generation
turbine and generator
cooling towers

78
Q

the advantages of nuclear power plants is that..

A

they dont produce green house gases because they dont use fossil fuels

79
Q

natural or synthetic pigment provides?

A

color and hide imprefection

80
Q

synthetic pigments can be

A

food colorantsa/additives
dye or pigment

81
Q

example of synthetic pigments are

A

tartrazine
allura red AC
Quinoline yellow
sunset yellow FCF

82
Q

types of pigment

A

prime
titanuim dioxide
colorants

83
Q

dyes

A

colorants that are soluble in water at some stage during use

84
Q

main ingredients of paint

A

pigment
binders
solvents
additives

85
Q

ceramics definition

A

any hard brittle heat resistant and corrion resistant material made by shaping and then firing an inorganic

clay based inorganics compound shaped and then hardened through heat

86
Q

advantages of ceramics

A

good thermal and electrical insulators and possess good resistants to oxidation and corrosion

87
Q

types of ceramics

A

earthenware
stoneware
porcelain

88
Q

what type of ceramics temperature was fired at 1000 to 1150 celcius

A

earthenware

89
Q

what type of ceramics tempreture was fired at 1100 to 1300 celcuis

A

stoneware

90
Q

what type of ceramics tempreture was fired at 1200 to 1400 celcuis

A

porcelain

91
Q

what is the major raw materials for the production of glass

A

lime
silica
soda

92
Q

glass manufacturing process steps are

A

melting
float bath
coating
annealing
inspecting
cutting

intro to chems (1 decks)

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