intro to chemical industry Flashcards
first chemical to be ever produced in large amounts
H2SO4 sulfiric acid
source of potash?
wood ashes
whats was the uses of soda ash or potash?
in the production of glass textile soaps and paper
who built leblanc process in 1791?
nicolas leblanc
what does leblanc process produce?
soduim sulfate (caustic soda) NaOH from sea salt
who built the solvey process?
a bulgian industrial chemist ernest solvay
when did it start to replace the leblanc process ?
1915
amoniam bicarbonate+ ____ –> NaHCO3+NH4Cl
Nacl
what is NaHCO3?
sodium hydrogen carbonate
what is the three industrial that was developed in uae?
1- refineries ( adnoc)
2- fertilizers plants ( fertil )
3- aluminuim smelters ( dubal )
difference between chemistry and chemical engineering?
chemistry is the science behind products whereas chemical eng focuses on manufacturing those products.
give me three skilss for a successful chemist
laboratory skills
product development
and communication
give me three skills for a successful chemical engineer
technical skills
project management
collaboration
what is chemical engineering
production and manufacturing of products through chemical processes
what is the chemical processes
designing equipment, system
processes for refining raw materials
mixing compounding and processing chemicals
a chemical engineer typical tasks :
conducting research
designing and planning
monitoring and optimizing
where is chemical engineering used?
aerospace
biomedical
electronic
whats hazard?
chemical or physical condition tha has the potential to cause injury
whats process safety
proactive to prevent potential risks which may involve improved safety
chemical hazards
is any substance that can cause a health problem when ingested or inhaled
examples of chemical hazards
co
ammonia
chlorine
what are the effects of hcl
sharp cough
breathing difficulty
internal bleeding
risk is?
the measurement probability of occurence and severity of consequences
difference between occupational safety and process safety
occupational safety: workplace safety and indiviual workers safety
process safety involves preventing extreme hazars that deals with chemicals
chemical industry
is a complex of processes operations and organization engaged in the manufacture of chemicals and their derivatives
examples of chemical industries
petrochemicals
ceramic production
fragrances and flavours
agrochemicals
types of chemical industries
basic chemicals
specialty chemicals
consumer products
pharmaceuticals
types of chemical reaction
combination
decomposition
substitution
double replacement
what is a combustion reaction?
it is a special combination reaction an exothermic reaction where substances react with oxygen gas, releasing energy in form of light aand heat
whats a difference between a batch and continuoes production process
a batch production process: producing items in groups stage by stage
a continoues production process: the reactants materials are continouesly added into the reaction vessel.
gangue is?
impurity in the ore
ore is?
a deposit of precious minerals in the earth crust, a mixture of valuable minerals toghether with unwanted rocks and minerals.
examples of ore
copper
silver
iron
when is the ore considered a gangue?
when the concentration of minerals/ metals is too low to justify
whats a run-of-mine?
mined ores materials that have not been treated
list the stages of mineral processing
comminution
separation and liberation
what happens in the comminution stage?
liberation stage of crushing and grinding the rock into minerals and gangue
processes of comminution is
crushing
screening
gridding
classification
seperation methods stages
sorting
gravity and dense medium separation
magnetic seperation
froth flotation
liberation and separation is to
recover and concentrate valuable minerals
sulphuric acid manufacturing from two materials
from elemental sulfur SO2
from pyrite FeS2
what catalyst is used to produce sulphuric acid from elemental sulfur?
vanadium pentoxide
a method of producing sulphuric acid by oxidizing SO2 with moist air .
chamber process
bauxite is a mixture of
aluminuim hydroxide
iron oxide
titanuim dioxide
kaolinite
whats the percentage of aluminium oxide that is present in bauxite?
30 - 60%
what happens in the bayer process
bauxite is crushed mixed in a solution of soduim hydroxide and seeded with crystals to precepitate aluminuim hydroxide.
list the processes of production of aluminuim
digestion
clarification
precipitation
calcination
soap are made of:
natural plant oil and fats like coconut vegetable oil or animal fat
detergents are:
soaps that are made of synthetic organic materials containing branched
most commen detergents are
alkylbenzene sulfonates
why is detergents stronger than soaps?
because its is meant to be used for greasy or oily buildups on surfaces and others
list the four basic raw materials in manufacturing soap
oils and fats
soda lye or potash lye
brine
additives
what are the soap production methods
cold process
hot process
semi-bioled process
what are the industrial soap production process?
saponification
glycerin removal
soap purification
finishing
saponification calculation formula is
sv=56.1x(b-s)n/w
where sv is saponification value
b = standerd hydrochloric acid for blank
s = standard hydrochloric acid for sample
n = normality of standard hydrochloric acid
w = weight in gm of the oil/fat
amount of x saponification = ?
amount of lye
amount of lye/0.3 = ?
total weight of lye water solution
total weight of lye water solution - amount of lye= ?
amount of water
detergent is produced in the form of :
powder or liquid
formulation of different ingredient that are:
active LAB
soduim carbonate soduim metasilicate Na2SIO3
soduim bicarbonate
oil soluble yellow color etc.
what does LAB stand for?
L linear
A alklyl
B benzene
detergent production ingredient include:
solvent
surfactant
additives
a spray dried process is:
the process of producing detergents through mixing ingredient heating them and then spraying down the droplets into current of hot air which forms granules as they dry. then cool it and add additives
definition of fertilizers
natural or synthetic nurturing compounds that improve plants growth by enhancing soil fertility
example organic fertilizers:
agricultural waste
livestock manure
industrial waste
example of inorganic fertilizers
nitrogen fertilizers
phosphorus fertilizers
potassuim fertilizers
uses of fertilizers
provide additional nutrients to the soil
process of fertilizers that are knowen
haber process
ostwald process
all inorganic fertilizers share the same step and it is ?
mixing nitrogen from the air with hydrogen from natural gas at high tempreture and pressure to create ammonia!
what are the industrial gases
nitrogen
oxygen
CO2
argon
hydrogen
helium
acetylene
whats a cryogenic seperation
a processes that involve air seperation where its divided into basic primery components
what is the pulp and paper come from/ main component?
forest wood
specifically heartwood or sap wood
what part is heartwood and sap wood?
sapwood is the outer of the wood stemor branch
where heartwood is the inner part of the wood branch
whats the prosses of turning wood into pulp and paper?
chipping and screening of wood
cellulose fibers is produced to make pulp by seperating the fibers from wood
then pulp is fed to the paper machine to produce paper
nuclear fission is
the splitting a heavy atomic nucleus such a uranuim
nuclear power plants use ______. produced during the nuclear fission to ______ water. (one word for the same blanks)
heat
what are the components of a nuclear power plants
nuclear reactor
steam generation
turbine and generator
cooling towers
the advantages of nuclear power plants is that..
they dont produce green house gases because they dont use fossil fuels
natural or synthetic pigment provides?
color and hide imprefection
synthetic pigments can be
food colorantsa/additives
dye or pigment
example of synthetic pigments are
tartrazine
allura red AC
Quinoline yellow
sunset yellow FCF
types of pigment
prime
titanuim dioxide
colorants
dyes
colorants that are soluble in water at some stage during use
main ingredients of paint
pigment
binders
solvents
additives
ceramics definition
any hard brittle heat resistant and corrion resistant material made by shaping and then firing an inorganic
clay based inorganics compound shaped and then hardened through heat
advantages of ceramics
good thermal and electrical insulators and possess good resistants to oxidation and corrosion
types of ceramics
earthenware
stoneware
porcelain
what type of ceramics temperature was fired at 1000 to 1150 celcius
earthenware
what type of ceramics tempreture was fired at 1100 to 1300 celcuis
stoneware
what type of ceramics tempreture was fired at 1200 to 1400 celcuis
porcelain
what is the major raw materials for the production of glass
lime
silica
soda
glass manufacturing process steps are
melting
float bath
coating
annealing
inspecting
cutting
