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BDS1 BAMS: Molecules and Cells > Intro to Cells > Flashcards

Intro to Cells Flashcards

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Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

Name 4 features that ALL cells posses

A
  • Cell membrane
  • DNA
  • Cytoplasm
  • Ribosomes
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2
Q

What are the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A
  • Prokaryotic cells: Small, relatively simple internal structures, no membrane-bound organelles, no true nucleus
  • Eukaryotic cells: Larger, more complex, membrane-bound organelles, true nucleus, found in higher animals and plants
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3
Q

Where is the nucleolus located and what does it produce?

A

In the nucleus, produces ribosomes

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4
Q

Where are microtubules produced?

A

The centrosome - microtubule organising centre (MTOC)

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5
Q

Where does protein synthesis occur?

A

Ribosomes

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6
Q

What are the roles of the cytoskeleton?

A
  • Helps to maintain cell shape

- Involved in cell motility

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7
Q

What is the plasma membrane?

A
  • A semi-permeable barrier between the cytoplasm and external environment
  • Retains most organically produced chemicals inside the cell
  • Allows a few molecules across: diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport
  • Communication: receptors on cell surface
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8
Q

What is the fluid mosaic model?

A
  • The cell membrane is a lipid bilayer: described as a fluid mosaic model
  • Made up of phospholipids: polar (hydrophilic) heads and 2 non-polar (hydrophobic) tails
  • Cholesterol embedded in the bilayer - provides membrane integrity (prevents lysis)
  • Proteins: gateways that allow certain molecules into and out of the cell
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9
Q

What are some examples of cell membrane pathologies?

A

Haemoglobinopathies:
Sickle cell anaemia
Thalassaemia

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10
Q

Which type of cells contain a nucleus?

A

Eukaryotic cells

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11
Q

Describe the structure of the nuclear envelope

A

Double membrane, allows RNA and other chemicals to pass but NOT DNA

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12
Q

Where are ribosomes constructed?

A

In the nucleolus

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13
Q

How many chromosomes does a human have?

A

46

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14
Q

How is DNA organised within the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell?

A

It is condensed into chromatin

DNA wrapped around proteins called histones

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15
Q

Where does transcription of proteins occur?

A

In the nucleus

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16
Q

Where does translation of proteins occur?

A

Ribosomes

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17
Q

Describe the structure of ribosomes

A
  • Present in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells (larger in eukaryotes)
  • Structure = a small and a larger subunit
  • Role is to facilitate protein translation
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18
Q

Which organelle is described as a a protein factory of the cell?

A

Ribosomes

19
Q

Give an example of a ribosomopathy

A

Treacher Collins syndrome (TCS) - results in abnormal craniofacial development

20
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

A
  • Mesh of interconnected cell membranes

- Involved in protein synthesis and transport

21
Q

What is the role of the rough endoplasmic reticulum? (RER)

A
  • Protein modification and production
  • The rough endoplasmic reticulum connects to the nuclear envelope; mRNA is converted to peptides and passed on to the rough endoplasmic reticulum
22
Q

Which disorders does endoplasmic reticulum dysfunction play a role in?

A
  • Plays a role in numerous degenerative disorders: Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, Epilepsy
23
Q

What is ER dysfunction assoiated with?

A

Ageing

24
Q

What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Manufacture of lipids

25
Q

What important role does the smooth endoplasmic reticulum play in liver cells?

A

Detoxifies organic chemicals converting them into safer water-soluble products

26
Q

What is the role of the Golgi apparatus?

A
  • Post-translational modification
  • Stores proteins
  • Packages proteins
27
Q

After proteins are correctly folded in the rough endoplasmic reticulum, where are they transported to?

A

The Golgi Apparatus

28
Q

How do proteins leave the golgi apparatus?

A

In vesicles and are transported to required site or exported

29
Q

What are some examples of Golgi-related diseases?

A
  1. Hypomyelinating disorders e.g. cataracts

2. Muscular dystrophy

30
Q

What is a vacuole?

A
  • Single-membrane organelles
  • Used as storage areas
  • Formed by fusion of numerous vesicles
31
Q

What are vesicles?

A
  • Function in transport within and to the outside of the cell
32
Q

What are lysosomes?

A
  • Large vesicles formed by the Golgi apparatus
  • Contain hydrolytic enzymes capable of destroying the cell
  • Lysosome contents function in the breakdown of extracellular materials
33
Q

What is the role of mitochondria?

A

Powerhouse of the cell

Function as sites of energy release and ATP formation

34
Q

What is mtDNA?

A

maternal DNA - contained within mitochondria

35
Q

Which organelles are bound by 2 membranes?

A

Mitochondria and nucleus

36
Q

Describe the membranes of the mitochondria

A
  • Double membrane
  • Outer membrane is smooth and ‘sieve’-like
  • Inner membrane folded into cristae - surfaces on which ATP is generated
37
Q

Which surface of the mitochondria is ATP generated?

A
  • Inner membrane folds called cristae
38
Q

What can mutations in mtDNA be associated with?

A

Alzheimer’s disease, parkinson’s disease, huntington disease, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, stroke, autoimmune disease, cancer

39
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

The material between the cell membrane and nuclear envelope

40
Q

Describe the cytoplasm

A

Not static - facilitates transport of material around the cell (cytoplasmic streaming)

41
Q

What are the roles of the cytoskeleton?

A
  • Maintain shape of the cell
  • Anchors organelles
  • Moves cell
  • Controls internal movement of organelles
42
Q

Which protein filaments is the cytoskeleton composed of?

A
  • Microtubules
  • Actin filaments
  • Intermediate filaments
43
Q

What are the stages of mitosis?

A

4 stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

BDS1 BAMS: Molecules and Cells (13 decks)

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