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Intro to Cell Test Review > intro to cell Test 1 > Flashcards

intro to cell Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Cell were first made visible by what device? In what year?

A

Microscope

17th Century

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2
Q

Used visible light to illuminate specimens

A

Light Microscope

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3
Q

The properties of light itself set a limit to what?

A

The fineness of detail they can reveal

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4
Q

Uses beams of electrons instead of beams of light as the source of illumination , expanding the ability to the fine details of cells; making some of the larger molecules visible individually.

A

Electron Microscope

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5
Q

When was the electron microscope invented?

A

1930s

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6
Q

The development of the light microscope depended on the advances of what?

A

glass lenses

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7
Q

By this century, lenses were refined to the point that they could be used to make simple microscopes

A

17th

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8
Q

Examined a piece of cork and in what year reported to the Royal Society of London that the cork was composed of a mass of minute chambers which he called ____________?

A

Robert Hooke

Cells

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9
Q

Along with Hooke,__________ was able to observe living cells

A

Antoni can Leeuwenhoek

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10
Q

For almost__________ years the light microscope remained an exotic instrument available to only a few __________.

A

200

wealthy individuals

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11
Q

It was not until the __________ century that microscope began to be widely used to look at cells

A

19th

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12
Q

The birth of cell biology was signaled by what?

A

Two publications

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13
Q

The two publications that signaled the birth of cell biology were? And who wrote them?

A

1838, botanist Matthias Schleiden

1839, zoologist Theodor Schwann

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14
Q

What did Scheliden and Schwann discover? What did lead to?

A

Cells were the universal building blocks of living tissues.

All living cells are formed by the division of existing cells.

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15
Q

Cells are either closely packed together or separated from one another by __________,a dense material often made of_________

A

extracellular matrix

protein fibers embedded in a polysaccharide gel

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16
Q

Each cell is typically about __ to ____ in diameter?

A

5,20 micrometer

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17
Q

To see the internal structure of a cell is difficult because?

A

The parts are small, transparent, and mostly colorless

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18
Q

One can exploit that cell components differ slightly from one another in ________________________

A

refractive index

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19
Q

Filling the cell’s interior is what?

A

The cytoplasm

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20
Q

Structures smaller than ____________cannot be resolved by light microscope.

A

0.2 micrometers

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21
Q

For the highest magnification and the best resolution, what must be used?

A

Electron microscope

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22
Q

The electron microscope can reveal details down to a few_______

A

nanometers

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23
Q

Cell samples for the electron microscope require________

A

painstaking

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24
Q

For a light microscope a tissue has to be________

A

fixed, supported by embedding in a solid wax or resin, cut of sections into thin slices and stained before it is viewed.

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25
Q

There is no possibility of looking at ______ when using an electron microscope

A

living, wet cells

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26
Q

The external membrane is called what?

A

Plasma Membrane

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27
Q

The membranes surrounding organelles are called?

A

Internal membranes

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28
Q

Transmits a beams o f electrons rather than a beam of light microscope

A

Transmission Electron Microscope

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29
Q

Scatters electrons off the surface of the sample and is used to look at the surface detail of cells and other structures

A

Scanning Electrons Microscope

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30
Q

Biological membranes are only _ thick

A

two molecules

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31
Q

Used to determine the three dimensional structure of protein molecules

A

x-ray crystallography

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32
Q

Have the simplest structure and comes closest to showing essentially no organelles

A

Bacteria

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33
Q

Basis of classification of all living things

A

Presence of a nucleus

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34
Q

Organisms who have a nucleus are called?

Organisms with a nucleus are called?

A

Eucaryotes

Procaryotes

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35
Q

Procaryotes are usually what shape?

A

Spherical, Rodlike, Cork-screw , small

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36
Q

Some procaryotes perform?

A

Photosynthesis

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37
Q

Procaryotes are divided into what two domains?

A

Bacteria and Archaea

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38
Q

Bigger and more elaborate than bacteria and archea

A

Eukaryotic celss

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39
Q

Eucaryotes posses what?

A

Nucleus and membrane bound nucleus

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40
Q

Most prominent organelle in a eucaryotic cell

A

nucleus

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41
Q

Two concentric membranes form what?

A

Nuclear Envelope

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42
Q

The nuclear envelope contains what

A

Molecules of DNA

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43
Q

Giant DNA molecules become visible as _____________?

A

individuals chromosomes

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44
Q

Among the most conspicuous organelles in the cytoplasm

A

Mitochondria

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45
Q

What two organelles were formed by the endosymbiosis?

A

Mitochondria and Chloroplasts

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46
Q

How many membranes does a mitochondria have?

A

two

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47
Q

Mitochondria harness energy from what?

A

Oxidation of food molecules

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48
Q

What is the basic chemical fuel that powers most the of the cell’s activities?

A

ATP

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49
Q

The mitochondria consumes what and releases what?

A

oxygen

carbon dioxide

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50
Q

What process occurs in the mitochondria?

A

cellular respiration

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51
Q

An anaerobic eucaryote that lacks a mitochondria

A

Giardia, intestinal parasite

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52
Q

Organelles that are found in the cells of plants and algae

A

Chloroplasts

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53
Q

Chloroplasts possess internal sacks of membranes containing what?

A

Green pigment chlorophyll

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54
Q

Plants can get their energy directly from?

A

sunlight

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55
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

Trap energy of the sunlight in chlorophyll molecules and use this energy to drive the manufacture of energy-rich sugar molecules. Oxygen is released as a by product

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56
Q

Chloroplasts generate what?

A

Food molecules and oxygen that all mitochondria use

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57
Q

An irregular maze of interconnected spaces enclosed by a membrane.

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

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58
Q

What happens in the ER?

A

most cell components and materials destined for export from the cell are made here

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59
Q

Stacks of flattened membrane enclosed sacs

A

Golgi Apparatus

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60
Q

What happens in the Golgi Apparatus

A

Receives and chemically modifies the molecules made in the ER, then directs them to the exterior of the cell or to carious locations inside the cell

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61
Q

Small, irregularly shaped organelles in which intracellular digestion occurs, releasing nutrients from food particles and breaking down unwanted molecules for recycling or excretion

A

Lysosomes

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62
Q

Small. membrane enclosed vesicles that provide a contained environment for reactions in which hydrogen peroxide is generated and degraded

A

Peroxisomes

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63
Q

Membranes also form different types of small _______ involved in the transport of materials between one membrane enclosed organelle and another

A

vessicles

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64
Q

A continual exchange of materials takes place between ____

A

ER, Golgi Apparatus, Lysosomes, outside of the cell

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65
Q

How are vessicles made?

A

Plasma membrane tucks inwards and pinches off

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66
Q

Vessicles fuse with what?

A

Membrane enclosed endosomes

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67
Q

Animal cells can engulf very large particles or even entire foreign cells by what process?

A

endocytosis

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68
Q

Vessicles from the inside of the cell fuse with the plasma membrane and release their contents into the external medium is done by what process?

A

exocytosis

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69
Q

The part of the cytoplasm that is not partitioned off within intracellular membranes

A

cytosol

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70
Q

What is the largest single compartment of the cell?

A

cytosol

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71
Q

The site of many chemical reactions that are fundamental to the cells existence

A

the cytosol

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72
Q

Where does the manufacture of proteins take places/

A

Cytosol

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73
Q

The molecular machines that make the protein molecules, that are visible with the electron microscope

A

ribosomes

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74
Q

What are the filaments that possess the cytoplasm?

A

actin filaments, intermediate filaments, microtubles

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75
Q

The thinnest filaments which are present in the muscle cells where they serve as part of the machinery that generates contractile forces

A

actin filaments

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76
Q

the thickest filaments that form hollow tubes that helps pull duplicate chromosomes to opposite directions and distributes them equally to the daughter cells

A

microtubles

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77
Q

Serve to strengthen the cell mechanically

A

intermediate filaments

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78
Q

According to one theory the ancestral eucaryotic cell was a _________ that fed on capturing other cells.

A

predator

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79
Q

Single celled eucaryotes can prey upon and swallow other cells is borne out by the behavior of many of the free living actively motile microorganism called?

A

protozoan

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80
Q

Life is based on what compounds?

A

carbon

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81
Q

Life depends on almost exclusively?

A

Chemical reactions that take place in watery, solution and in a narrow range of tetmperatures

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82
Q

Life is enormously

A

complex

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83
Q

Life is dominated and coordinated by what?

A

collections of enormous polymeric molecules that are formed from chains of chemical subunits linked end to end

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84
Q

Life is tightly?

A

regulated

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85
Q

What is the center of an atom?

A

dense, positively charged nucleus surrounded at some distance by a cloud of negatively charged electrons

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86
Q

What are the two kinds of subatomic particles

A

protons and neutrons

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87
Q

What determines the atomic number?

A

the number of protons present in an atomic nucleus

88
Q

The electric charge carried by each proton is exactly _______ and ___________ to the charge carried by a single ________

A

equal
opposite
electron

89
Q

The whole atom is electrically what?

A

neutral

90
Q

An element can exist in several physically distinguishable but chemically identical forms called what?

A

isotopes

91
Q

Isotopes have a different number of what?

A

neutrons

92
Q

The molecular weight of a molecule is relative to?

A

hydrogen atom

93
Q

The mass of an atom or molecule is specified in?

A

daltons

94
Q

One proton or neutron weighs what?

A

1/ avogrado’s number

95
Q

The key scale factor describing the relationship between everyday quantities and the numbers of individual atoms or molecules

A

Avogadro’s Number

96
Q

What four elements make up 96.5% of an organism’s weight?

A

C, O, N , H

97
Q

In living tissues only___________ undergo rearrangements

A

electrons of an atom

98
Q

What binds atoms to one another?

A

chemical bonds

99
Q

This type of bond is formed when electrons are donated by one atom to another

A

ionic bond

100
Q

When atoms share electrons

A

covalent bonds

101
Q

Pair of electrons often shared unequally with one atom attracting the shared electrons more than the other

A

polar covalent bond

102
Q

The state of the outer electron shell determines what?

A

The chemical properties of an element

103
Q

When atoms become electrically charged

A

ions

104
Q

An attraction that occurs between oppositely charged atoms

A

electrostatic attraction

105
Q

Cluster of atoms held together by covalent bonds

A

molecule

106
Q

What holds the nuclei together by opposing the mutual repulsion between like charges during a covalent bond?

A

electron density

107
Q

The measured amount of energy that must be supplied to break a bond

A

bond strength

108
Q

Can covalent bonds be broken by heat?

A

no, only during chemical reactions with other atoms and molecules

109
Q

Crucially important in the cell in the many situations where molecules have to associate and disassociate readily to carry their functions

A

non covalent bonds

110
Q

The nucleus of an atom is held in orbit by what?

A

Electrostatic attaraction

111
Q

If there are too many or too few neutrons in a nucleus what can happen?

A

the nucleus may disintegrate by radioactive decay

112
Q

4th and 5th electron shells can hold up to how many electrons?

A

18

113
Q

Atoms with more than four shells are

A

rare in biological molecules

114
Q

Negative ions are called?

A

anions

115
Q

Positive ions are called?

A

cations

116
Q

Polar covalent bonds are important in biology because they allow molecules to?

A

interact through electrical forces

117
Q

Bonds that are easily broken by the random thermal motions due to the heat energy of the molecules

A

hydrogen bond

118
Q

Water loving including DNA,RNA, majority of proteins

A

hydrophilic

119
Q

Water hating

A

hydrophobic

120
Q

Cell membranes are constructed from what ?

A

hydrocarbon tails of molecules

121
Q

substances that release protons when they dissolve in water

A

acids, form hydronium ion

122
Q

What is pH?

A

the measure of hydronium ions in a solution

123
Q

Strong acids lose

A

protons easily

124
Q

Weak acids

A

hold onto their protons

125
Q

Many of the acid important in the cell are held together by what

A

molecules that contain carboxyl group

126
Q

Molecule capable of accepting a proton

A

base

127
Q

Weak acids and bases that can release or take up proton near a pH of 7

A

buffers

128
Q

What property above all living things seem almost miraculously different from non living matter?

A

they create and maintain order in a universe that is tending always towards greater disorder

129
Q

A living organism requires what sources?

A

a source of atoms in the form of food and a source of energy

130
Q

Both the atoms and the energy must come from where?

A

the nonliving envrionment

131
Q

The total sum of all chemical reactions needed to carry out to survive, grow, and reproduce

A

metabolism

132
Q

The two opposing streams of chemical reaction occur in cells

A

anabolic

catabolic

133
Q

What does the catabolic pathway do?

A

breaks down food stuff into smaller molecules; making useful form of energy and some of the small molecules that the cell needs as building blocks

134
Q

What does the anabolic pathway do?

A

Uses the energy harnessed during the catabolic pathway to drive the synthesis of the many molecules that form the cell

135
Q

The second law of thermodynamics

A

in the universe or in any isolated system the degree of disorder can only increase

136
Q

What is entropy

A

the measure of a system’s disorder

137
Q

Cells take in energy how?

A

in the form of food, photons of light, inorganic molecules

138
Q

The most disordered form of energy

A

heat

139
Q

Animals and plants extract energy from food molecules by a process called?

A

oxidation

140
Q

When carbon and hydrogen atoms in molecules combine with oxygen is called what?

A

cellular respiration

141
Q

Atoms of what move between the living and non living world

A

nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus

142
Q

The metabolism carries the molecules through a large number of reactions by the use of what?

A

enzymes

143
Q

Oxidation

A

electrons transferred from one atom to another

144
Q

Reduction

A

addition of electrons

145
Q

A molecule requires a boost over an ____________before it can undergo a chemical reaction

A

energy barrier

146
Q

Enzymes bind to one or two molecules called

A

Substrates

147
Q

A substance that can lower the activation energy of a reaction is called

A

catalyst

148
Q

Each ‘enzyme has a what ? This is where the substrates fit.

A

active site

149
Q

K is commonly employed as a measure of what?

A

the binding strength of a noncovalent interaction between two molecules

150
Q

The binding strength is very useful because?

A

it indicates how specific the interaction is between the two molecules

151
Q

Energy released in the binding interaction

A

binding energy

152
Q

What is entropy

A

the measure of a system’s disorder

153
Q

Cells take in energy how?

A

in the form of food, photons of light, inorganic molecules

154
Q

The most disordered form of energy

A

heat

155
Q

The stronger the binding of an enzyme and substrate, the

A

slower their rate of disassociation

156
Q

The concentration of a substrate at which the enzyme works at half its maximum speed

A

Km,

Micahelis’ constant

157
Q

Atoms of what move between the living and non living world

A

nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus

158
Q

The metabolism carries the molecules through a large number of reactions by the use of what?

A

enzymes

159
Q

Oxidation

A

electrons transferred from one atom to another

160
Q

Reduction

A

addition of electrons

161
Q

A molecule requires a boost over an ____________before it can undergo a chemical reaction

A

energy barrier

162
Q

Enzymes bind to one or two molecules called

A

Substrates

163
Q

A substance that can lower the activation energy of a reaction is called

A

catalyst

164
Q

Each ‘enzyme has a what ? This is where the substrates fit.

A

active site

165
Q

K is commonly employed as a measure of what?

A

the binding strength of a noncovalent interaction between tow molecules

166
Q

The binding strength is very useful because?

A

it indicates how specific the interaction is between the two molecules

167
Q

acetyl CoA

A

used to add two carbon units in the biosynthesis of the hydrocarbon tails of fatty acids

168
Q

The larger K is,

A

the greater the drop in free energy between the disassociated and associated states, the more tightly the molecules will bind

169
Q

NADH is the transfer of what

A

electrons and hydrogen

170
Q

What happens when enzymes and substrates have collided with one another?

A

multiple weak bonds are formed until they are disassociated by thermal motion

171
Q

The stronger the binding of an enzyme and substrate, the

A

slower their rate of disassociation

172
Q

The concentration of a substrate at which the enzyme works at half its maximum speed

A

Km,

Micahelis’ constant

173
Q

Store energy in exchangeble forms either as transferable chemical groups or as high energy electrons

A

activated carriers

174
Q

Most widely used activated carrier

A

ATP

175
Q

reaction that involves the transfer of phosphate goup

A

phophorylation

176
Q

Phosphorylation reactions are an example of what kind of reaction?

A

condesation

177
Q

Phosphorylation reactions are important cellular functions such as

A

activate substrates, facilitate exchange of chemical energy, help control cell signaling processes

178
Q

The most abundant energy carrier in cells

A

ATP

179
Q

Coupled reactions

A

energetically favored reaction drives an nonenergetically favored reaction to produce an activated carrier molecule or other useful molecule

180
Q

NADH is used for whtat?

A

Ananbolic reactions

181
Q

NADPH is used for what

A

catabolic reactions in which ATP is formes

182
Q

Can carry only an acetyl group in a readily transferable linkage

A

coenzyme A

183
Q

acetyl CoA

A

used to add two carbon units in the biosynthesis of the hydrocarbon tails of fatty acids

184
Q

ATP is the transfer of what

A

phosphate

185
Q

NADH is the transfer of what

A

electrons and hydrogen

186
Q

A protein is made from?

A

Long chain of amino acids

187
Q

Proteins are linked together by ?

A

covalent polypeptide bonds

188
Q

Amino acids are present in a unique order called

A

amino acid sequence

189
Q

Polypeptide backbone

A

sequence of core atoms of the amino acid that form the chain

190
Q

side chains

A

parts of amino acids that are not involved in the forming of peptide bonds

191
Q

proteins fold into a conformation of

A

lowest energy

192
Q

What happens when proteins fold incorrectly

A

aggregates form that can damage cells and whole tissues

193
Q

Protein folding is assisted by whom?

A

proteins called molecular chaperones

194
Q

What are the two common folding patterns of proteins

A

a helix and b helice

195
Q

The first protein foldings were discovered by what?

A

hair and silk studies

196
Q

What are the two common folding patterns of proteins

A

a helix and b helice

197
Q

When was the 2nd protein folding found

A

B sheet

protein fibroin

198
Q

Foldings in the proteins originate from where

A

hydrogen bondings in the N-H and C=O groups in polypeptide backbone

199
Q

When was the 2nd protein folding found

A

B sheet

protein fibroin

200
Q

Foldings in the proteins originate from where

A

hydrogen bondings in the N-H and C=O groups in polypeptide backbone

201
Q

Helices are formed how?

A

by placing similar subunits next to each other

202
Q

A helix is generated how

A

single polypeptide chain turns around itself to form a structurally rigid cylinder

203
Q

WHat kind of bond is made within an a helice and between what elements?

A

hydrogen
every fourth amino acid
links one C=O of one peptide bond to another N-H

204
Q

polypeptide bond is hydro philic or phobic?

A

philic and separated from hydrophobic membrane by non polar side chain

205
Q

Produce a very rigid, pleated structure

A

b sheets

206
Q

B sheets are made how

A

hydrogen bonds formed between segments of polypeptide chains lying side side

207
Q

Produce a very rigid, pleated structure

A

b sheets

208
Q

Protein domain

A

any segment of a polypeptide chain that can fold independently into a compact stable structure

209
Q

Primary structure of protein

A

amino acid sequence

210
Q

Quaternary structure of protein

A

a particular protein molecule is formed as a complex of more than one polypeptide chain

211
Q

teteriary structure of protein

A

a helices, b sheets, random coils, loops formed between n and c termini,

212
Q

Quaternary structure of protein

A

a particular protein molecule is formed as a complex of more than one polypeptide chain

213
Q

The most common covalent cross link

A

disulfide bonds

214
Q

Two identical folded polypeptide chains form a symmetrical complex of two protein subunits

A

dimers

215
Q

The most common covalent cross link

A

disulfide bonds

216
Q

Disulfide bonds are formed when

A

proteins are being exported from the cell, catalyzed in ER by enzyme that links -SH groups from cystenin side chain

Intro to Cell Test Review (1 decks)

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