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Pharmacology & Physiology 1 > Intro to Cell Signalling > Flashcards

Intro to Cell Signalling Flashcards

1
Q

What is a synapse?

A

Communication/gap between cells

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2
Q

Give an example of a signalling molecule and its different responses

A

AcetylCholine (AcH)
- works via receptors on salivary glands to increase saliva
release
- works on heart muscles to decrease contraction force
- increases skeletal muscle contraction

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3
Q

What is the role of Pumps and exchangers?

A

Set up gradients that are exploited by ion channels

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4
Q

How do synapses enable cell signalling?

A

Cells release chemicals across a synapse, causing an effect on the post synaptic membrane

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5
Q

What types of transporters aid cellular control?

A
  • exchangers
  • symporters
  • antiporters
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6
Q

Name some examples of Ion channels

A
  • Na+
  • Ca2+
  • Mg2+
    etc.
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7
Q

What are the 2 major Ion Channels involved in intracellular signalling?

A

Voltage Gated Ion Channels

Ligand Gated Ion Channels

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8
Q

What is the significance of transporters?

A

Important for bringing charged molecules into cells

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9
Q

Outline the mechanism of maintaing Ca2+ levels in cytoplasm

A
  1. Na+/Ca2+ exchanger in heart active after every
    heartbeat
  2. Ca2+ pump in organelles and cell membranes
  3. Ca2+ uptake in mitochondria through importer
  4. Ca2+ pump in ER
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10
Q

What are the 2 types of synapses?

A
  • Electrical

- Chemical

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11
Q

When can transporter mechanisms go wrong?

A

In disease states e.g. heart failure

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12
Q

How do enzymes aid signalling to cells?

A

Work on specific amino acids on specific proteins

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13
Q

Explain what is meant by an electrical synapse?

A 
Cells connected by a connection that doesn't impede electrical flow 
(action potentials)
e.g. 
- endothelial cells 
- cardiac muscles 
- epithelial cells
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14
Q

What alters the effect of AcH on different areas of the body?

A

Effect differs due to the different receptor mechanisms on the various forms of muscle

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15
Q

What is endocrine intracellular signalling?

A

Endocrine cells release signals/hormones affecting distant target cells via blood stream

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16
Q

How are voltage gated ion channels activated?

A

When depolarisation occurs, gated channels open causing an influx in ions

17
Q

Name the different types of receptors involved in cellular control

A
  • Ligand Gated Ion Channels (LIGC)
  • G Protein Coupled Receptors (GPCR)
  • Tyrosine Kinase Linked
  • Nucleur
18
Q

Why are signalling molecules so significant in the bodys physiology?

A

Signalling molecules ar eversatile and nduce differential responses

19
Q

Name examples of common LIGC

A
  • Neurotransmitter receptors (e.g. Na+/K+ + Glucose
    co transport)
  • Ca2+ activated K+ channel
  • Cyclic nucleotide gated channel (cAMP activated)
20
Q

What is a chemical synapse?

A

One cell releasing chemicals onto another cell via GPCR or LGIC

e.g.
- neurons; precursors made and stored in vesicles to be
released

21
Q

What is the normal membrane potential?

A

-60mV

22
Q

How are Ion channels regulated in the body?

A

Activated by stimuli and controlled by concentration gradients

23
Q

Name some enzymes involved in signalling

A

”- protein kinase A/G/C

  • Phospholipase A/A2/C
  • Cholinesterase (inhibited by donepezil tacrine)
  • Adenylate Cyclase
  • Phosphatidylinosito-3-kinase
  • HMGCoA Reductase (inhibited by statins)
  • Monoamine oxidase (inhibited by antidepressants)
24
Q

What is a common use for Na+ channels?

A

Target for local anaesthetics (e.g. lignocaine, procalinamide)

25
Q

How is the plasma membrane adapted for intracellular communication?

A

Plasma membrane contains proteinaceous pores

  • pores present in all biological cell membranes
  • controls flow of ions and molecules in/ out of cell
  • aids cellular communications
26
Q

What are the different types of intracellular signalling?

A
  1. Paracrine
  2. Endocrine
  3. Synaptic
27
Q

What is a pharmacological use of Ca2+ channels?

A

Ca2+ channels are a common target for Dihydropyridines (e.g. nifedipine)
and Anti hypertensives

28
Q

Which biological molecules act as major drug targets?

A

Receptors
Enzymes
Ion channels
Transporters

29
Q

What is paracrine signalling?

A

When cells produce signals to induce changes in nearby cells

30
Q

How are Cl- channels used in medicine?

A

Cl- channels are targeted by anti-arrhythmic agents (e.g. vernakalant)

Pharmacology & Physiology 1 (9 decks)

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