INTRO TO CC Flashcards
The amount of light that is absorbed by analyte in a solution
ABSORBANCE
Absorbance is __________________ to the _______________ of
analyte
DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL, CONCENTRATION
Ability of a test to obtain the known target value for a sample.
ACCURACY
Amount of variation in the measurement.
PRECISION
Substance that is being measured (e.g., glucose, sodium, cholesterol)
ANALYTE
All procedures related to the testing of a sample for an analyte
ANALYTICAL PHASE
A laboratory grade water and other reagents are set up and tested as
though it was another sample.
BLANK
This checks for background interference from reagents and allows for
correction.
BLANK
Process of using CALIBRATORS (samples with known analyte concentration) to construct a calibration curve used to quantitate analyte concentration in unknown (patient) specimens.
CALIBRATION,
Substance that accelerates a chemical reaction, such as an enzyme in
the body.
CATALYST
An ion carrying a positive charge.
CATION
A process used to separate or concentrate materials suspended in a liquid medium by use of the centrifugal force.
CENTRIFUGATION
Amount of analyte measured in a sample expressed quantitatively
(e.g., mg/dL, mmol/L)
CONCENTRATION
A reaction vessel (similar to a tube) used in photometric analyzers.
CUVETTE
An ionic compound.
ELECTROLYTE
Dissolves in water to produce ions, which can conduct electricity.
ELECTROLYTE
Strong electrolytes _________ dissociate in water, while weak electrolytes __________ dissociate or break apart in water.
COMPLETELY, PARTIALLY
Protein in the body that acts as a catalyst and converts substrate to
product
ENZYME
Most common reason for sample rejection.
HEMOLYSIS
Rupture of RBCs with the release
of hgb and the intracellular
components into the
plasma/serum.
HEMOLYSIS
Color of Hemolysis.
PALE-CHERRY RED
Increased bilirubin pigment; hyperbilirubinemia
ICTERUS
Color of icterus serum/plasma.
DARK-BRIGHT YELLOW
Increased lipid accumulation, usually triglycerides.
LIPEMIA
Color of lipemia.
MILKY COLORATION
LIPIDS: the common analytes of ______________________ and related compounds such as free fatty acids and lipoproteins.
CHOLESTEROL & TRIGLYCERIDES
Basic measurement principle or technique that is used in an analytical system to perform a test.
METHODOLOGY
Use of scientific methods to maintain the most accurate data possible.
QUALITY CONTROL
QC: Procedures performed to check against a standard, such as _______,__________,___________
BLANKS, DUPLICATES & SPIKES
The expected normal concentration range for an analyte in a patient population.
REFERENCE INTERVAL
Specimen after preparation for analysis (e.g., serum or plasma after centrifugation)
SAMPLE
Liquid portion of plasma that remains after clot is removed.
SERUM
The clear, yellow fluid obtained when blood is drawn into a tube containing anticoagulant.
PLASMA
PLASMA: the clotting factors have__________ and a clot is not formed.
NOT ACTIVATED
Type of biologic fluid in which the analyte is found (e.g., blood, urine, CSF) or the form in which the fluid is tested (e.g., serum, plasma, whole blood)
SPECIMEN
Measuring light intensity at various wavelengths.
SPECTROPHOTOMETRY
SI Units stands for?
SYSTEME INTERNATIONAL D’UNITES
3 Classes of SI units.
BASE, DERIVED, SUPPLEMENTAL
Moles of solute/ volume of solution (mmol/L)
ANALYTES
International Unit per liter (IU/L or U/L) or katal unit per liter (KU/L)
ENZYMES
Measurement of Hydrogen ion conc.
PH
Substance that either occurs naturally or produced synthetically in the laboratory.
CHEMICALS
Normally employed in testing to produce chemical reactions for detection, as well as quantitation purposes
REAGENTS
WHAT ARE THE GRADES OF PURITY?
- Analytical Reagent Grade
- Ultrapure
- United States Pharmacopeia (USP); National Formulary (NF)
- Chemically Pure Grade
- Technical / Commercial Grade
High degree of purity. SUITABLE FOR USE IN MOST ANALYTIC laboratory procedures * For qualitative and quantitative analyses; essential for accuracy
ANALYTICAL REAGENT GRADE
High quality type of reagent grade. Have additional purification steps for use in specific procedures.
* Can be used in chromatography, atomic absorption, immunoassays and molecular diagnostics
ULTRAPURE
Used to MANUFACTURE DRUGS.
* Chemicals in this group may be pure enough for use in most chemical
procedures
* Purity standards are not based on the needs of the laboratory
United States Pharmacopeia (USP); National
Formulary (NF)
These chemicals serves as an ALTERNATIVE when higher purity of chemicals are NOT AVAILABLE.
CHEMICALLY PURE GRADE
Preparation of these chemicals is not uniform.
* Not recommended that clinical laboratories use these chemicals for
reagent preparation unless further purification is included
CHEMICALLY PURE GRADE
Used only for commercial as well as industrial purposes.
* Used primarily in manufacturing
* Should never be used for reagent preparation in the clinical
laboratory.
TECHNICAL/COMMERCIAL GRADE
Developed standard reference materials (SRMs) for use in clinical chemistry laboratories.
* Used when producing calibrator and standard materials.
NIST (NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS & TECHNOLOGY)
Usually utilized in laboratory testing in order to control or validate degree of analytical measurements of a particular machine which process is called as _____________
CALIBRATION
Usually utilized in laboratory testing in order to control or validate degree of analytical measurements of a particular machine which process is called as calibration.
CONTROLS
Used to asses or evaluate machine functionality.
CALIBRATION
Highly purified chemical that can be measured directly to produce a substance of exact known concentration and purity.
PRIMARY
_____________has purity tolerances for primary standards.
American Chemical Society (ACS)
Substance of lower purity with concentration determined by
comparison with a primary standard.
SECONDARY
Solely purified by distillation.
DISTILLED WATER
Water purified by ion exchange
DEIONIZED WATER
Pumps water (pressure) across a semipermeable membrane
REVERSE OSMOSIS
Excellent in removing particulate matter, microorganisms and any pyrogens or endotoxins
Ultrafiltration/ Nanofiltration
Removes some trace organic material.
UV oxidation
Initially filtered it to remove particulate matter followed by reverse osmosis deionization, and a 0.2-mm filter or more restrictive filtration process.
REAGENT GRADE WATER
6 categories of Reagent Grade Water
Special reagent water (SRW)
Instrument feed water
Water supplied by method manufacturer
Autoclave and wash water
Commercially bottled purified water
Clinical laboratory reagent water (CLRW)
Used to test methods requiring
minimum interference, such as trace metal,
iron, and enzyme analyses
TYPE 1
Acceptable for most analytic
requirements, including reagent, quality
control, and standard preparation
TYPE 2
Acceptable for glassware washing but not for analysis or reagent preparation.
TYPE 3
Centigrade to Kelvin
C + 273
Centigrade to Fahrenheit
(C x 1.8) + 32
Fahrenheit to Centigrade
(F-32) x 0.556
What are the laboratory Glasswares?
- Volumetric flask
- Erlenmeyer flask
- Griffin beakers
- Graduated cylinders
Used for heating and sterilization purposes
- Has a high degree of thermal resistance, low alkali content and free
from Magnesium lime-zinc group of elements, heavy metals, arsenic
and antimony
Borosilicate glass (pyrex and kimax)
Has high resistance to alkali.
* Its thermal resistance is________compared to borosilicate glass.
Boron-free glassware/ Soft glass, LESS
A special ___________________ that has strengthened chemically
than thermally
COREX, ALUMINA-SILICATE GLASS
COREX IS_______ THAN BOROSILICATE
6X STRONGER
