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physio exam 3 > Intro to cardio > Flashcards

Intro to cardio Flashcards

1
Q

What is cardio electrophysiology

A

The study of the electrical activity of the heart

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2
Q

what is cardiovascular mechanics?

A

understanding how the contractile properties of the heart affect its function

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3
Q

what is cardiovascular hemodynamcs

A

the study of blood flow and the factors that control it

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4
Q

what type of tissue is blood

A

connective tissue with a fluid ECM

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5
Q

how many pumps does the heart have and where do they pump blood to?

A

2 pump - the right and left side
- the right side pumps blood to the lungs to be oxygenated and left to the systemic circulation

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6
Q

what are the chambers of the heart

A

4 chambers : right and left atrium and right and left ventricle

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7
Q

what are the ventricles separated by and why

A

they are separated by the interventricular septum to prevent the mixing of blood

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8
Q

what are the functions of the heart valves?

A

to prevent back flow

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9
Q

what is the function of the aortic and pulmonary semi lunar valve

A

to prevent back flow into the ventricles

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10
Q

what is the function of the mitral and tricuspid valves

A

to prevent back flow into the atrium

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11
Q

what connects the valves to the heart

A

papillary muscles and chordae tendinae

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12
Q

what percentage of blood is pumped from the right atrium to the left ventricle and aorta

A

100% of the blood from the right atrium returns to the left ventricle and out through the aorta

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13
Q

which organ systems receive the most blood

A

renal
GI
skeletal muscle

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14
Q

what is the normal cardiac output ? what does this mean for venous return

A

5L/min this means venous return is also 5L/min

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15
Q

heart function can be charecterized into which 2 events

A

electrical and mechanical

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16
Q

how is mechanical activity of the heart influenced by the electrical

A

the mechanical activity of the heart is triggered by the electrical stimulus that is triggered within the heart

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17
Q

what is automaticity?
what types of cells make it up automaticity?

A
  • the ability of the heart to spontaneously fire action potentials
  • pacemaker cells
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18
Q

are pacemaker cells neurons

A

NO they are modified cardiomyocytes

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19
Q

what is excitability/responsivness

A

the ability of the cardaic cells to respond to electrical activity

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20
Q

what does excitability of the heart depend on

A

depends on the refractory period which is the ability of the heart to relax before it contacts again

21
Q

what is conductivity

A

the ability of the heart to conduct the action potential from its site of origin to all cardiac cells

22
Q

what does conductivity of the hear depend on

A

depedns on the heart functioning as a functional syncytium in which it functions as a unit

23
Q

how does the concentration of Na,K,Ca,Cl compare outside the cell than inside the cell

A
  • Na is greater outside than inside
  • K is greater inside than outside
  • Ca is MUCH greater outside than inside
  • Cl is greater outside than inside
24
Q

what is the resting membrane potential of a cardiac cell and what is it determined by

A
  • the restin mem potential is between -60 and -85 mv
  • depends on the concentration differences of the ions across the cel membrane and the membrane conductance to reach ion
25
Q

what are the 2 types of cardiac muscle cells that generate different action potentials

A

contractile cells and pacemaker cells(SA and AV node)

26
Q

what is the restinf membrane potentail of contractile cells and pace maker cells

A
  • contractile = -100mv
  • pacemaker = -60mv
27
Q

how many phases in a cardiac action potential? hoe is the pacemaker cell different

A

ther are 5 phases but pacemaker cell is different bc it has 4. ( NO plateu phase)

28
Q

what are the phases of a contractile cell action potential

A
  • phase 4: resting membrane potential- opening of inward rectifying K channels
  • Phase 0: depol- opening of voltage gated Na channels
  • Phase 1: transient repol: opening of transient outward K channels
  • phase 2: plateu phase- balance between K and Ca channels (funny channels)
  • Phase 3: repol: opening of delayed rectifier K channels
29
Q

what are the phases of the pacemaker cell action potential

A

phase 4: pacemaker potential- opening of inward rectifying K channels and funny channels
phase 0: depol- opening of voltage gated Ca channels
phase 3: repol: opening of delayed rectifier K channels

30
Q

what are funny channels what do they allow for?

A
  • chanels that have little selecttivity and allow NA and Ca in and K out
  • allow for automaticity
31
Q

What are the phases of the functional refecactory period of contractile cells and what is included in each

A
  • Effective refractory period
    > absolute refractory period
    > relative refractory period
  • supranormal phase
    > also know as the vulnerable
    phase
32
Q

what is the absolute refectory period

A
  • period in which a stronger than normal stimulus can trigger and AP
33
Q

whar is the relative refractory period

A
  • period in which a stronger than normal stiumuls can trigger an AP but it will have an abnormal shape
34
Q

what is the supranormal phase?
why is it also known as the vulnerable phase

A

a normal stimulus can trigger a normal AP bc the channels are almost all recovered
- called vulnerable bc the RMP is slightly higher here than normal so can reach a threshold fast and trigger an AP

35
Q

what does a long refecatory period allow for

A

allows for the heart to recover relax before contracting again

36
Q

how do the phases of heart contraction have to occur for the heart to function properly

A

must occur in the same order each time

37
Q

what structure allows for the the cardiomyocytes to function as a functional syncytium

A
  • intercalted disks that contain gap junctions that allow electrical stimuli to travel from depolarized cell to neighboring cell that has not been stiumlated yet
38
Q

what are the pacemmakers of the heart?

A

SA and AV node and purkinjee fibers

39
Q

how are purkinjee fiber part of the pacemaker>?

A

if the AV node fails to transmit the signal from the atria to the ventricles the purinjee fibers will take over and transmit the signal

40
Q

what is the normal pace maker of the heart and why

A

the SA node because it has the most AP’s per minute

41
Q

what would happen if SA node function stops and AV node takes over as the pacmaker

A

the HR would decreases because the AV node has generates fewer APs per minute

42
Q

what is overdrive surpression

A

allows the fastest pacemaker (SA node) contril the heart rate

43
Q

what system modulates the rate of firing of cardiac action potentials

A

the autonimic NS

44
Q

how how the sympathetic and Para sympathetic NS affect HR and by what mechanisms

A
  • sympatheitic increases because epinephrinse opens Ca channels
  • para sympathetic decreases because it induces hyperpolarization of the membrane potential
45
Q

what is the cellular response of sympathetic stimulation of the heart

A
  • NE /E released
  • bind to B1/Gs receptors
  • Camp increases = increase opening of Ca channels
  • increases in Na and Ca influx
  • increase depol
  • increase HR
46
Q

what is the cellular response of the Parasympathetic NS on the heart

A
  • Ach relaeased
  • bind to M2/Gi receptor
  • Camp decreases
  • increase in K efflux and decreasein Ca influx
  • decrease rate of depol
  • decrease HR
47
Q
A
48
Q
A

physio exam 3 (6 decks)

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