Intro to Carbs

Question 1

Glycosidic bonds

Answer 1

-Covalently link monosaccharides -Named based on α/β configuration of anomeric carbon and the numbers of the connecting carbons

Question 2

Amylose

Answer 2

-Starch -Linear polysaccharide consisting of glucose residues in α-1,4 linkage

Question 3

Amylopectin

Answer 3

• Starch
• Branched polysaccharide consisting of glucose residues in α-1,4 linkage with α-1,6 branches

Question 4

Lactose

Answer 4

• Disaccharide
• Galactose and glucose in β-1,4 linkage
• Found in milk and dairy products

Question 5

Sucrose

Answer 5

• Table sugar
• Disaccharide
• Glucose and fructose in α-1,2 linkage
• Non-reducing sugar

Question 6

Glycogen

Answer 6

• Branched polysaccharide with glucoses in α-1,4 linkage with α-1,6 branches
• More highly branched than amylopectin
• Storage form of glucose

Question 7

Cellulose

Answer 7

• Major component of dietary fiber
• Linear polysaccharide
• Glucose residues in β-1,4 linkage
• Cannot be digested by hummans because we don’t have an enzyme to clear the β-1,4 linkage of glucose

Question 8

Glycosidases

Answer 8

-Convert polysaccharides and disaccharides to monosaccharides

Question 9

Endoglycosidases

Answer 9

-Cleave internal glycosidic bonds in sugar polymers

Question 10

Exoglycosidases

Answer 10

-Cleave terminal glycosidic bonds in sugar polymers

Question 11

Disaccharidases

Answer 11

-Cleave glycosidic bonds in disaccharides

Question 12

α-Amylase

Answer 12

• Endoglycosidase
• Hydrolyzes random internal α-1,4 bonds between glucose residues in starch (amylopectin and amylose)
• Salivary
• Pancreatic

Question 13

Glucoamylase

Answer 13

• Exoglucosidase
• Cleaves terminal α-1,4 bonds between glucoses in oligo and disaccharaides beginning at the non reducing end
• Substrates: maltose, maltotriose, α-dextrins, amylose, amylopectin
• Produces:Glucose and isomaltose

Question 14

Maltase

Answer 14

• Cleaves α-1,4 bond in maltose and maltotriose
• Produes maltose and glucose

Question 15

Isomaltase

Answer 15

• Cleaves α-1,6 bond in isomaltose and α-dextrins
• Produces glucose and glucose polymers

Question 16

Sucrase

Answer 16

• Cleaves α-1,2 bond in sucrose
• Produces glucose and fructose

Question 17

Lactase

Answer 17

• Cleaves β-1,4 bonds in lactose
• Produces glucose and galactose

Question 18

Glycolysis

Answer 18

-Oxidation of glucose to generate ATP and pyruvate

Question 19

Glycogen synthesis

Answer 19

• To covert glucose into a storage polymer for later use
• Major in liver and muscle

Question 20

Pentose phosphate shunt

Answer 20

• Oxidation of glucose to a 5 carbon sugar to produce NADPH needed for biosynthetic pathways
• 5 carbon sugar then re-enters the glycolytic pathway for further oxidation or nucleotide synthesis

Question 21

Citric acid cycle

Answer 21

• Cells with a supply oxygen use it
• Oxidation of acetyl CoA to CO2 and H2O to produce high energy electrons in the form of FADH2 and NADH
• These electrons used to produce ATP via electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation

Question 22

Glycogenolysis

Answer 22

-Breakdown of glycogen to glucose

Question 23

Gluconeogenesis

Answer 23

-Synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources such as amino acid

Question 24

Glucagon

Answer 24

• Mobilizes fuels and increases blood glucose
• Increased glycogen breakdown
• Increased gluconeogenesis
• Increased lipolysis
• Released during fasting

Question 25

Insulin

Answer 25

- Promotes fuel storage - Increased glycogen synthesis - Increased fatty acid synthesis - Increased triglyceride synthesis - Released during the fed state