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SF3- musculoskeletal > intro to bones > Flashcards

intro to bones Flashcards

1
Q

main functions of bones

A

-biomechanical
-mineral homeostasis (store Ca2+ and K+)
-site of haematopoiesis (bone marrow)

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2
Q

bone macrostructure

A

-compact/ cortical (outer layer)
-periosteum (connective tissue)
-cancellous (mesh bone tissue/ spongy bone)
-long bones

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3
Q

trabecellular pattern of cancellous

A

-spongy/ porous of hard and soft bone
-contains part of bone marrow

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4
Q

diaphysis

A

middle part of bone

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5
Q

epiphysis

A

end part of bones

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6
Q

metaphysis

A

where the end and middle of bones join

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7
Q

what does the metaphysis contain

A

physis (growth pallet)

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8
Q

what does the medullary cavity contain

A

bone marrow (red/yellow)

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9
Q

structure of bones as living tissue

A

-specialised cells
-nerve supply
-blood supply

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10
Q

ways that bones can be remodelled

A

-continuous deposition and restoration of bone
-forces (eg-compression, shear, tension)

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11
Q

what influences the rate of bone deposition and restoration

A

hormones eg- PTH and calcitonin

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12
Q

what are the 3 ways to classify bones

A

-topologically (cranial/ postcranial and axial/ appendicular)
-formation/ growth (endochondral and intramembranous bones)
-by shape

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13
Q

how are bones classified by shape

A

-long, short and flat bones
-sesamoids (bones embedded in tendons)
-sometimes ‘irregular’ bones

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14
Q

classification of LONG bones structure

A

-shaft (diaphysis)
-2 ends (distal and proximal epiphyses)
-growth plates (physes)
-compact and spongy bone
-medullary cavity

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15
Q

classification of SHORT bone structure

A

-about as long as wide
-different shapes eg- cylindrical and cubic
-compact and spongy bone
-usually no medullary cavity

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16
Q

classification of FLAT bones by shape

A

-thin, flat and wide
-compact bone surrounded by spongy bone or air sinus

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17
Q

classification of SESAMOID bones by structure

A

-found in tendons/ ligaments
-close to joints
-formation is sensitive to biomechanical forces

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18
Q

classification of IRREGULAR bones by structure

A

-odd shapes that dont fit into other groups
-jutting processes
-organ bones eg bones in bovine heart

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19
Q

what is apophysis

A

protuberance developed from an independent ossification centre

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20
Q

what are apophysis’ used for

A

attachment sites for muscles and ligaments

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21
Q

foramen

A

opening in bone

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22
Q

role of the foramen

A

passage of nerves, blood vessels, muscles or other structures

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23
Q

fossa

A

a shallow depression or hollow

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24
Q

role of the fossa

A

accommodates for muscles and other structures

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25
Q

what are skull bones divided into

A

cranial and facial bones

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26
Q

what forms skull bones

A

separate centres of ossification

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27
Q

what separates skull bones in young animals

A

strips of fibrous tissues

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28
Q

which skull bones are endochondral

A

ventral bones of the cranium

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29
Q

which skull bones are intramembranous

A

dorsal cranial bones and facial bones

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30
Q

features of mandible cranial bones

A
  • Several mental foramina (mental branches of inferior alveolar
    nerves and vessels)
  • Mandibular foramen (inferior alveolar nerves and vessels)
  • Coronoid process (attaches temporalis)
  • Angular process (attaches masseter and medial pterygoid)
  • Masseteric and pterygoid fossae
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31
Q

what is the mandibular cranial bone composed of

A

-body (horizontal part)
-ramus (vertical part)

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32
Q

what joins the 2 mandibular bones

A

symphysis

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33
Q

dog and cats mandibular bones

A

joined firmly but not rigidly united

34
Q

ruminant mandibular bones

A

symphysis ossifies later or never

35
Q

horses mandibular bones

A

symphysis completely disappears (2 years old)

36
Q

hyoid bones

A

series of cranial bony rods joined together

37
Q

what does the hyoid bone do

A

suspend tongue and larynx from skull

38
Q

where is the stylohyoid bone visible

A

in the guttural pouch of horses

39
Q

which bones enclose the spinal cord

A

vertebral bones (spine)

40
Q

what are post cranial axial bones

A

vertebral bones, ribs, sternum etc

41
Q

how many cervical (neck) bones do mammals have

A

7

42
Q

where is the thoracic region located

A

tall spinous process that articulates with ribs

43
Q

what is Wolff’s law

A

bone adapts to load

44
Q

where is the lumbar region

A

-lower back
-long transverse process

45
Q

where is the sacral region

A

fused together and articulate with the pelvis

46
Q

what is the caudal region of the spine

A

tail

47
Q

what is between each vertebral body

A

intervertebral discs

48
Q

where do spinal nerves exit

A

the intervertebral foramina

49
Q

properties of ribs and there attachments to form ribcage

A

-paired
-articulate with 2 successive vertebrae dorsally
-articulate with sternum directly (cranial) or by joining cartilage of previous rib (caudally)
-cartillage of last rib may fail to contact (floating rib)

50
Q

rib propper

A

dorsal bony part

51
Q

costal cartilage

A

ventral cartilage part

52
Q

what is the cranial most element of the sternum called

A

manubrium

53
Q

what makes up the sternum

A

species- specific number of sternebrae with intervening cartilage

54
Q

what does xiphoid cartilage attach to

A

linea alba (connective tissue that runs down the front of the abdomen)

55
Q

what is included in appendicular pectoral bones

A

scapula, clavicle, arms, wrists, fingers

56
Q

what is included in apendicular pelvic limb bones

A

pelvis, legs, toes

57
Q

what attaches the scapula to the body

A

muscle

58
Q

structure of the scapula

A

-it has a prominent scapula spine (raised)
-the infra-spinous fossae (dip) is below the scapula spine
-the supra-spinous fossae (dip) is above the scapula spine

59
Q

dorsal scapula cartilage is found in

A

ungulates and horses

60
Q

what is the clavicle

A

collar bone

61
Q

do dogs have a collar bone

A

it is often reduced or absent

62
Q

humorous

A

upper arm bone

63
Q

properties of the radius and ulna

A

-variable mobility/ ability to rotate
-ulna has a large olecranon process (most proximal part of the bone which forms the elbow)

63
Q

properties of the radius and ulna

A

-variable mobility/ ability to rotate
-ulna has a large olecranon process (most proximal part of the bone which forms the elbow)

64
Q

radius and ulna in ungulates, horses and pigs are…

A

fused

65
Q

how are carpal bones arranged

A

in 2 rows

66
Q

what is a prominant landmark in carpal bones

A

accessory carpal projects

67
Q

how are metacarpal bones numbered

A

I-V medial to lateral

68
Q

phalanges 3 parts

A

proximal, middle, distal

69
Q

where are some examples of sesamoid bones found in the pectoral appendicular bones

A

-paired proximal sesamoid at palmer MCP (metacarpalphalangeal joint)
-singal distal seisamoid at plamer DIP (distal interphalangeal joint)
-dorsal sesamoids over dorsal MCP joint

70
Q

what bone is the pelvis articulated with

A

sacrum (dorsally)

71
Q

where do the two parts of the pelvis meet

A

pelvic symphysis (ventrally)

72
Q

what 3 bones is each of the pelvic halfs made up of

A

-ilium
-pubis
-ischium

73
Q

acetabulum

A

the pelvic socket where femur joins

74
Q

what are trochanters and what is the function

A

bony prominance of the femur that allows muscle attachments

75
Q

what are the tendons in the patella

A

quadriceps tendon

76
Q

what does the patella articulate with

A

the trochlea of femur

77
Q

febellae

A

other sesamoids found in dogs

78
Q

location of tibia and fibia WRT eachother

A

tibia is medial, fibia is lateral

79
Q

are fibia/tibia or radius/ ulna more likley to cross

A

radius and ulna are more likley to cross

80
Q

how many rows of tarsal bones are there

A

3

81
Q

proximal row of tarsal bones

A

talus and calcaneus

SF3- musculoskeletal (2 decks)

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