Intro to Bone and Soft Tissue Flashcards
What are the 3 things the musculoskeletal system is made of?
Bone, Muscle, Connective Tissue
What is the function of bone?
What is the function of skeletal muscle?
What is the function of connective tissue?
Movement, support, protection of vital organs, calcium storage, haematopoeisis
Posture, movement (propel limbs)
Structural support, protect tissues, attachment sites e.g. attach bone to bone (tendons) or muscle to bone (ligaments)
How many bones are found in the adult skeleton compared to a child’s skeleton?
What are the names of appendicular groups of bones?
What are the names of the axial groups of bones?
206 Vs 270
Pectoral girdle, upper and lower limbs, pelvic girdle
Cranium, vertebral columb, ribcage
What are the 3 planes?
What are phrases to describe movement in all these planes?
Coronal, Saggital, and Transverse
Straight line movement or rotations, within straight line movements, we can have: lateral medial (saggital), anterior posterior (coronal), superior inferior (transverse); flexion extension, adduction abduction
What are the 6 classifications of bone by shape?
What type of connective tissue connects bone to bone?
What connects muscle to bone?
Flat, Short, Long, Sesamoid, Sutured, Irregular
Ligaments
Tendons
What are the 5 main functions of the skeletal system?
What type of bone is the patella (kneecap)?
Movement, Support, Protection of vital organs, storage of Ca2+, Haemopoesis
Sesamoid bone
What is meant by the term ‘osteo-‘?
What are the 4 main types of bone cells?
‘osteo-‘ = prefix for bone
- Osteogenic cell = bone ‘stem cell’
- Osteoblast = comes from the osteogeneic cell, involved in bone forming (secretes osteoid, catalyses mineralisation of osteoid)
- Osteocyte = ‘mature’ bone cell / resting bone cells, formed when an osteoblast becomes embedded in its own secretions
- Osteoclasts = bone consuming, dissolve and resorb bone by phagocytosis, derived from bone marrow, important during bone remodelling (bone consumed from one area and reformed in another)
What is the periosteum?
Where are the 4 types of bone cells found within in the bones?
Dense layer of vascular connective tissue enveloping the bones except on the surfaces of joints
Osteogenic = deep layers of the periosteum
Osteoclast = bone surfaces and at sites of old, injured or unneeded bone
Osteoblast = growing portions of bone, including periosteum and endosteum
Osteocyte = embedded in the matrix
The 4 types of bone cells live in systems called?
What is the name given to the canal containing the nerves, blood vessels and lymphatics in bone?
Osteons - which have lamellae (meaning layers) around a central canal called the ‘Haversian canal’
Haversian canal
What is the bone matrix made up of?
40% = organic component = collagen (mainly type 1)
60% = inorganic component = Ca2+
What factors does bone growth depend on?
What type of bone is formed initially during bone growth?
What happens afterwards during bone growth?
Age (young or old), resting bone, broken bone, etc.
Initially, immature bone is formed = laid down in a ‘woven’ manner, relatively weak
The woven bone is mineralised and replaced by mature (lamellar) bone = relatively strong
What are the 2 types of mature bone?
Where do screws get put in bone for a strong fix?
Why did cancellous bone develop?
- Cortical = compact and dense = strongest = weight-bearing
- Cancellous = ‘spongey’ = honeycomb structure = not weightbearing
So outside of the bone = cortical, inside of the bone = cancellous
Screws get placed across, from one side of the cortical bone, through the cancellous, to the other side of cortical bone
Cortical = too heavy, easier to hunt for prey / run away from predators
Cancellous bone has trabeculae. What is meant by the term ‘trabeculae’?
Matrix of inorganic tissue = spongey appearance = gives bone voluming without adding too much weight
What is the structure of long bones? Fill in the labels on the diagram:
What is another name given to a growth plate?
What is the 2nd most common fracture? (occurs mainly in elderly)
Physis or epiphyseal plate
Hip bone = top of femur
What are the 2 ways bones can form? What are some examples of where that bone type is found?
How are bones formed in the uterus?
How are long bones formed?
How do children grow?
- Intramembranous Ossification - bone development from fibrous membranes e.g. flat bones of the skull, clavicle and mandible; 2. Endochondral ossification - using a cartilage precursor that afterwards forms calcified bone
Intramembranous ossification
Endochondral ossification
From growth plates