Intro to Bonding Flashcards
What is the attraction between two oppositely charged ions called?
Electrostatic attraction
What is the attraction between two same-charged ions called?
Electrostatic repulsion
What are the 3 different types of chemical bonds?
Ionic, Covalent and Metallic
What is metallic bonding?
Metallic bonding occurs when metal atoms lose valence electrons, forming positive cations surrounded by a sea of delocalized electrons. These free electrons prevent repulsion between cations by creating a strong electrostatic attraction, holding the structure together and making metals strong, malleable, and conductive.
What is the octet rule?
Atoms lose, gain, or share electrons to achieve 8 valence electrons for stability.
If 4 valence electrons, it can choose to gain or lose depending on the element it’s bonding with.
What is an ionic bond?
Ionic: complete transfer of electrons from one atom to another (metal-nonmetal). It has a strong electrostatic attraction between a cation and an anion to achieve a noble gas’ configuration.
Will always have an octet (8) electrons.
What is a covalent bond?
Covalent: electrons are shared between atoms (nonmetal-nonmetal), the shared pair of electrons is called a bonding pair. The electrostatic attraction is between the shared electrons and nucleus (positive).
Will always have an octet (8) electrons.
What are chemical bonds?
Chemical bonds form due to electrostatic attractions from electron sharing (covalent) or transfer (ionic). The electronegativity scale determines bond type: a higher value means stronger attraction for electrons, leading to polar covalent or ionic bonds. Most bonds have both ionic and covalent characteristics.
What are transition metals?
Transition metals form colored compounds, have multiple ion charges (e.g., Fe²⁺, Fe³⁺), and lose s electrons first. Their partially filled d orbitals make their bonding and ion formation more complex.
What is Nomenclature?
Nomenclature is the systematic naming of compounds, following rules set by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC).
List the key information regarding naming ionic compounds.
The cation comes first, then the anion. First element retains its elemental name. The second element is named with the suffix –ide.
e.g. NaCl: Sodium Chloride.
List the key information regarding naming transition metals.
As these metals can have different charges, you need to add the charge.
e.g. Fe²⁺: Iron(II), Cu⁺: Copper(I).
List the key information regarding naming covalent compounds.
Second element ends in -ide (e.g., Hydrogen fluoride). First element is the leftmost in the periodic table. If in the same group, the lower one is first (e.g., Sulfur dioxide). Oxygen bonded to halogens is an exception (e.g., Bromine oxide). Use prefixes for atom numbers (e.g., carbon monoxide, dinitrogen trioxide). Mono is omitted for the first element.
What is a lone electron pair?
Loose electrons - not bonded in covalent bonds.
When counting bonded pairs, a double bond isn’t 2 bonds; it’s 1 double bond.
What are the exceptions to covalent bonding?
Elements that can have more than 8 electrons (expanded octet) apply to Period 3+ elements (can use d-orbitals). Examples: P, S, Cl, Xe (e.g., PCl₅, SF₆, ClF₃, XeF₄). Elements that can have less than 8 electrons (incomplete octet) apply to Period 2-3 elements that are stable with fewer electrons. Examples: Be (4e⁻), B (6e⁻), Al (6e⁻) (e.g., BeCl₂, BF₃, AlCl₃).
List me the steps to Lewis an ion.
- Count all valence including charge. - Draw square brackets and list charge - important. - Plot middle and start making single bonds. - Then adjust to fit valence electrons. - Then add sign to most electronegative - check periodic table and only 1 charge can go to it, the other goes to the one after or the same one.
What is the empirical formula?
The simplest whole-number ratio of atoms in a compound. Used in chemical and combustion reactions for both ionic and covalent - CH₂O for glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆).
What is the molecular formula?
The exact number of atoms in a single molecule. It identifies the actual composition of a covalent compound only.
H₂O for water, C₆H₁₂O₆ for glucose.
What is the formula unit?
The smallest repeating unit of an ionic compound or network solid. Referring to ionic compounds (not molecules).
NaCl for salt (not a molecule, just a ratio).
