Intro to Biotech (Lec 1) Flashcards
what is biotechnology
the use of tech to improve or manipulate living organisms and/or their processes for the benefit of mankind
Biotech is ______ industry
global
Biotech is a science of _________
integration
bioprocessing
use of living cells to manufacture a product
bioinformatics
use of computer tech to manage biological info
classical biotech
selecting or breeding plants and animals for desirable traits (ancient: domestication of plants and animals for food and other human needs)
how and what does classical biotech make?
organisms are used in a controlled environment to make products such as cheese, bread, yogurt, and alcohol
modern or recombinant biotech
involves genetic engineering – often transfers genes from one genus to another and enables the creation of genetically modified organisms (GMOs)
what does recombinant biotechnology do?
combines gene fragments from different sources
examples of modern/recombinant biotech?
recombinant RNA, cell fusion, and stem cells
what are the types/classifications of biotech based on the organism(s) used to make a product?
microbial biotech, animal biotech, plant biotech
what are the types/classifications of biotech based on the use of the product/technology?
forensic biotech, agricultural biotech, medical biotech, industrial biotech, environmental (energy) biotech
biotech from 1000 BC through 2000 BC
fermentation to make spirits of wine (ethanol), vinegar, soy sauce, yogurt, etc.
Michiaki Takahashi (1974)
smallpox – living microorganisms used for vaccinations
Robert Hooke
described (structure of) cells
Pasteur
described lactic acid fermentation by bacteria
Buchner
detected fermentation of enzymes in yeast
Charles Darwin
(1809-1882): published “Origin of Species” –> principles behind evolutionary theory
Gregor Mendel
(1822-1884): classical genetics -> “Founder of genetics” -> worked with pea plants to discover laws of inheritance
antibiotic
a medicine that inhibits the growth of or destroys microorganisms
Alexander Fleming
1928 -> discovered the antibiotic, penicillin (produced by the fungus Penicillium) -> eventually led to production of antibiotics
Oswald Avery
1940 –> isolated pure DNA
Hershey & Chase
1952 –> proved DNA (not protein or RNA) is the hereditary material
Watson & Crick
1953: discovered the double helix structure of DNA
Arthur Kornberg
1956: crystallized (X-ray crystallography) DNA polymerase (enzyme involved in replication)
Norman Borlaug
1970: first plant breeder to win Nobel prize (Father of Green Revolution)
plasmid
a small, extrachromosomal DNA molecule within a cell that is physically separated from chromosomal DNA
- can replicate independently
- most commonly found as small circular, double-stranded DNA molecules in bacteria; however, plasmids are sometimes present in archaea and eukaryotic organisms
Stanley Cohen
1968: isolated bacterial plasmids –> showed how bacteria that did not have plasmid were able to take it up and could then express the antibiotic resistance gene from the plasmid and become resistant themselves
Herb Boyer
1970: discovered the DNA restriction enzyme (EcoR1 -> from E.coli)
restriction enzyme
an enzyme that can cut DNA; molecular scissors (paper = plasmids, glue = DNA ligase)
Paul Berg
1972: recombinant DNA formed by joining E. coli and SV40 (virus) DNA (with DNA ligase)
Cohen, Boyer, and Berg
1973: cloned frog DNA in E. coli
what was the beginning of modern biotech?
when Cohen, Boyer, and Berg cloned frog DNA in E. coli in 1973
what was the first biotechnology company? when was it formed?
Genentech Inc. –> formed in 1976
what was the first recombinant drug approved by the FDA?
human insulin –> produced in E. coli “Humulin” by Genentech in 1978
Kary Mullis
1986: developed new technique for amplification of DNA called PCR, Polymerase Chain Reaction
PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)
technique used to exponentially amplify a specific target DNA sequence, allowing for the isolation, sequencing, or cloning of a single sequence among many; like DNA replication in cell just automated process in machine
Human Genome Project (HGP) completed in ____ by ______
2003 by Craig Venter, Francis Collins, et al.