Intro to Biotech (Lec 1)

Question 1

what is biotechnology

Answer 1

the use of tech to improve or manipulate living organisms and/or their processes for the benefit of mankind

Question 2

Biotech is ______ industry

Answer 2

global

Question 3

Biotech is a science of _________

Answer 3

integration

Question 4

bioprocessing

Answer 4

use of living cells to manufacture a product

Question 5

bioinformatics

Answer 5

use of computer tech to manage biological info

Question 6

classical biotech

Answer 6

selecting or breeding plants and animals for desirable traits (ancient: domestication of plants and animals for food and other human needs)

Question 7

how and what does classical biotech make?

Answer 7

organisms are used in a controlled environment to make products such as cheese, bread, yogurt, and alcohol

Question 8

modern or recombinant biotech

Answer 8

involves genetic engineering – often transfers genes from one genus to another and enables the creation of genetically modified organisms (GMOs)

Question 9

what does recombinant biotechnology do?

Answer 9

combines gene fragments from different sources

Question 10

examples of modern/recombinant biotech?

Answer 10

recombinant RNA, cell fusion, and stem cells

Question 11

what are the types/classifications of biotech based on the organism(s) used to make a product?

Answer 11

microbial biotech, animal biotech, plant biotech

Question 12

what are the types/classifications of biotech based on the use of the product/technology?

Answer 12

forensic biotech, agricultural biotech, medical biotech, industrial biotech, environmental (energy) biotech

Question 13

biotech from 1000 BC through 2000 BC

Answer 13

fermentation to make spirits of wine (ethanol), vinegar, soy sauce, yogurt, etc.

Question 14

Michiaki Takahashi (1974)

Answer 14

smallpox – living microorganisms used for vaccinations

Question 15

Robert Hooke

Answer 15

described (structure of) cells

Question 16

Pasteur

Answer 16

described lactic acid fermentation by bacteria

Question 17

Buchner

Answer 17

detected fermentation of enzymes in yeast

Question 18

Charles Darwin

Answer 18

(1809-1882): published “Origin of Species” –> principles behind evolutionary theory

Question 19

Gregor Mendel

Answer 19

(1822-1884): classical genetics -> “Founder of genetics” -> worked with pea plants to discover laws of inheritance

Question 20

antibiotic

Answer 20

a medicine that inhibits the growth of or destroys microorganisms

Question 21

Alexander Fleming

Answer 21

1928 -> discovered the antibiotic, penicillin (produced by the fungus Penicillium) -> eventually led to production of antibiotics

Question 22

Oswald Avery

Answer 22

1940 –> isolated pure DNA

Question 23

Hershey & Chase

Answer 23

1952 –> proved DNA (not protein or RNA) is the hereditary material

Question 24

Watson & Crick

Answer 24

1953: discovered the double helix structure of DNA

Question 25

Arthur Kornberg

Answer 25

1956: crystallized (X-ray crystallography) DNA polymerase (enzyme involved in replication)

Question 26

Norman Borlaug

Answer 26

1970: first plant breeder to win Nobel prize (Father of Green Revolution)

Question 27

plasmid

Answer 27

a small, extrachromosomal DNA molecule within a cell that is physically separated from chromosomal DNA
- can replicate independently
- most commonly found as small circular, double-stranded DNA molecules in bacteria; however, plasmids are sometimes present in archaea and eukaryotic organisms

Question 28

Stanley Cohen

Answer 28

1968: isolated bacterial plasmids –> showed how bacteria that did not have plasmid were able to take it up and could then express the antibiotic resistance gene from the plasmid and become resistant themselves

Question 29

Herb Boyer

Answer 29

1970: discovered the DNA restriction enzyme (EcoR1 -> from E.coli)

Question 30

restriction enzyme

Answer 30

an enzyme that can cut DNA; molecular scissors (paper = plasmids, glue = DNA ligase)

Question 31

Paul Berg

Answer 31

1972: recombinant DNA formed by joining E. coli and SV40 (virus) DNA (with DNA ligase)

Question 32

Cohen, Boyer, and Berg

Answer 32

1973: cloned frog DNA in E. coli

Question 33

what was the beginning of modern biotech?

Answer 33

when Cohen, Boyer, and Berg cloned frog DNA in E. coli in 1973

Question 34

what was the first biotechnology company? when was it formed?

Answer 34

Genentech Inc. –> formed in 1976

Question 35

what was the first recombinant drug approved by the FDA?

Answer 35

human insulin –> produced in E. coli “Humulin” by Genentech in 1978

Question 36

Kary Mullis

Answer 36

1986: developed new technique for amplification of DNA called PCR, Polymerase Chain Reaction

Question 37

PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)

Answer 37

technique used to exponentially amplify a specific target DNA sequence, allowing for the isolation, sequencing, or cloning of a single sequence among many; like DNA replication in cell just automated process in machine

Question 38

Human Genome Project (HGP) completed in ____ by ______

Answer 38

2003 by Craig Venter, Francis Collins, et al.